DEVELOPMENT OF ILLUMINATION. 497 



Torch ( for customary use i ; 



2. Slivers or other elements tied together in a bundle. 



.'!. Roll of resin wrapped in leaves. 

 Protocandle: 



4. Rope snaked in resin. 



5. Filter soaked in fat or wax. 

 (). Hush soaked in urease. 



7. Stick or splint with grease for lighting. 

 Candle: 



8. Mass of fat formed upon a stick around which is wound a wick of filler. 



9. Candles of wax or fat. 



10. Dipped candles. 



11. Molded candles; improved and art candles of twentieth century. 



While the line of development has proceeded from the rude torch to 

 the candle, the steps marked in the series are suggestive, embracing 

 devices used by different peoples and at divers times. There is not 

 space here to present the results of investigations among different 

 peoples and in special areas. It will be seen that the purpose for 

 which light is to be used, the place in which it is to be used, the 

 period, and the resources of the environment, are among the modify- 

 ing influences on materials and apparatus. Hence the complete steps 

 of the development may not be exemplified in a given area, though a 

 number of superposed phases of light utilization may exist side by 

 side. It is true, also, that the growing need for light has brought 

 a closer association of the means of illumination with the life of 

 man. The smoking torch, for example, is utilized for open-air 

 illumination, while the candle enters the house and companionship of 

 the family. 



Following the torch in the line of development comes the lamp, 

 which separated from the stem of the torch at a period when oils and 

 fat came to be used. This may have occurred (1) as a concomitant 

 of migration or after the domestication of animals whose fat was 

 available; (2) at the time of the discovery of mineral oil, (3) or 

 of the utilization of vegetal oils, such as that of the olive and the 

 cocoanut. 



The lamp appears to have arisen at a period after migrations into 

 the temperate zones had brought man into new conditions. The prin- 

 cipal of these was the longer night, and joined to this was the settle- 

 ment in comparatively permanent habitations. In this view the fire 

 stick and torch were the essential accompaniments of early migration 

 and without doubt determined the spread of man over the earth's 

 surface. 



Since the torch, from its perishable character, is rarely found on 



ancient sites, there is little to be said as to its archeology. The lamp, 



on the contrary, being a higher idea, involves work in stone, pottery, 



bronze, or iron, producing objects which survive burial in the soil, 



sm 1901 32 



