DEVELOPMENT OF ILLUMINATION. 499 



8. Lamps of iron of simple shape with plain open or closed reservoir 

 and with spout, and often having- dip catchers and a device for tipping 

 to allow the oil to reach the wick. There is considerable variety of 

 such lamps, which were used in Europe before the epoch-making inven- 

 tion of Argand. Being products of the blacksmith's hammer, they 

 present a certain crudity, as of antiquity. However, .there is no rea- 

 son to doubt that they are the survivals of the forms of the iron age. 



It may be interesting to briefly pursue the line of the lamp into the 

 inventive age. 



LAMPS OF THE INVENTIVE ERA. 



'J. Lamp of brass with reservoir mounted on rod and stand; several 

 curving spouts. Italian. Development from the Roman lamp. 



L<>. Lamp of brass designed to furnish heavy oil to the wick under 

 hydrostatic pressure. Flemish. 



11. Lamp with chimney; draft to flame and heavy oil under gravity 

 pressure. Argand's invention and French inventors. 



12. Lamp with chimney and Argand burner; heavy oil under forced 

 pressure of a spring. Devices for heating heavy oil. France. 



13. Lamp of glass having one or two tubes; for burning whale oil. 

 11. Lamp burning "caniphene" by means of wick and tubes and 



without chimney. United States. 



15. Lamp with chimney; ventilated burner; woven wick raising 

 refined petroleum by capillarity. United States, 187<>. Developed 

 burner to end of century. 



At present the destiny of illumination is in the hands of the investi- 

 gator and inventor. Who knows to what heights their efforts will 

 lead? But before the inventive era, before Argand. if you please, the 

 world satisfied its needs for light with the immemorial simple lamp 

 and smoky torch, increasing the illumination at times by multiplying 

 the number of lights, and casting over scenes of splendor the Hare of 

 torches little removed in simplicity from those of prehistoric man. 



It may be a wholesome correction of our pride in the advance of a 

 century to reflect that most of the human race is still in the uninvent- 

 ive period, depending for light on torches and simple saucer lamps. 



The epoch-making invention of the chimney and the discovery of 

 boundless hydrocarbons in the earth have not yet reached the major- 

 ity of mankind, while the electric light casts its bright rays in a very 

 small area of immense obscurity. Still there is progress, and grad- 

 ually tribes from their beginnings unacquainted with more than the 

 most simple illuminating methods are seeking more light. 



It is interesting to note in this connection the education of the Hopi 

 Indians of Arizona in the use of artificial illumination. The environ- 

 ment of these Indians is semiarid, and there is such scarcity of fuel in 

 their isolated country that it must be used sparingly for cooking and 



