502 



DKVELOPMENT OF PRIMAL SHAPING ARTS. 



There is little prospect of securing examples of the curliest products 

 of men's hands, as they were probably executed in destructible mate- 

 rials and have long since disappeared. As soon, however, as the 

 shaping operations extended to stone, permanent records were made 

 and many artifacts, representing all stages and periods, are still extant, 

 forming the only actual evidence of the early struggles and achieve- 

 ments of the race. Archaeologists are engaged in collecting these 

 remains and arranging them according to the plan suggested by the 

 general scheme of evolution, applying the result to the elucidation of 

 human history. 



Consideration of the entire bod}' of phenomena of art in stone is 

 not possible in the present study, and I shall confine myself to a small 

 portion of the held — to the initial stages. 



A glance at the accompanying synopsis will convey a definite notion 

 of the relation of the group of phenomena here to be considered to the 

 whole held of the shaping arts. These arts may be divided primarily 

 into manual and physical groups. The first includes all those things 

 shaped directly by the human hand, aided by mechanical appliances: 

 the second includes those in which the manual operations are assisted 

 by physical processes or agents, such as heat, acids, and electricity. 



The manual arts employ mainly six groups of processes, to which I 

 have given the names fracturing, bruising, abrading, incising, model- 

 ing, and constructing. Four of these groups — the four placed first in 

 the synopsis — are concerned in our studies of the earliest culture, and 

 pertain to the shaping of stone in its elementary utilization. 



/Manual arts.. 



SYNOPSIS OF THE SHAPING ARTS. 



ISplitting, 

 breaking, 

 flaking, etc. 

 r Battering, 



2. Bruising {peeking, etc. 



Ibushing, 

 (Grinding, 



3. Abrading jrubbing, 



I polishing, etc. 



r Cutting, 



4. Incising incising, 



Ipiercing, etc. 

 [Molding, 



5. Modeling < stamping, 



Shaping arts (.hammering, etc 



I Building, 

 weaving, 

 sewing, etc. 



1. Heat fracture. 



-r,. . . |2. Explosion fracture. 



^Physical arts I ' . 



'I!. Etching. 



4. Electro-depositing. 



