NO. 13 SALINITY OF PACIFIC SURFACE WATER CLARK 3 



-. /- r-° 



The standard used by Makaroff in his work was S ~-o , he having 



been induced to recalculate his observations to this standard because of 

 its very general use among oceanographers of other nations, especially 

 by the Germans. In his monograph he includes the salinity records 

 for the Pacific determined by the "Challenger" and other ships 



17 S° 

 recalculated to S _ lo from the original figures. 



The standard used by the Bureau of Fisheries has generally been 

 S . r o , though on one or two of the earlier cruises it appears to 



have been S o , corresponding to that of the " Challenger." 



In the following calculation of an empirical correction for my 



fiernres no account is taken of the difference between S T ' ^o and 

 b !5o D 



17 r ° 

 So for the reason that such slight differences as exist (Professor 



Krummel gives an average of —0.00013 for the difference between 



c 15:5°_ 1 c l /-5 ] are pracitically constant between the extremes 

 b 15-56° and b i/.5°> 

 recorded on this cruise. 



In this paper I have employed figures representing the specific 

 gravity of the water rather than the amount of dissolved salts ex- 

 pressed in grammes per liter for the reason that almost all of the 

 previous records for the area under consideration are so given, and 

 therefore the use of the older method renders my figures more readily 

 comparable with those of previous observers. 



Absolute accuracy is not claimed for the figures representing the 

 specific gravities herein recorded ; indeed the author is well aware 

 that absolute accuracy cannot possibly be secured by the method 

 used under the limitations imposed by a voyage of this character. 

 Nansen has shown the difficulties in the way of salinity determination 

 by salinometer, even with the precautions taken by him, and in the 

 case of my determinations and subsequent calculations the taking of 

 any but the most obvious precautions meant the expenditure of a con- 

 siderable amount of time and thus became impossible. But the 

 figures have a distinct comparative value and, in the absence of 

 other data for much of the region covered, may be taken as affording 

 an approximate index of the conditions in the seas traversed by the 

 ship. 



