NO. l6 RACE THAT PEOPLED AMERICA — HRDLICKA 3 



along the rivers in northern Mongolia, particularly the Kerulen, and 

 in many other parts regarding which reliable information could be 

 obtained. The little investigation that has been made of these remains 

 is due, in the main, to Adrianov and his colleagues at Minusinsk, and 

 especially to Professor Talko-Hryncewitz of Krakow, who was for 

 many years the government physician at Kiachta. The mounds yield, 

 according- to their age, implements of iron, copper, bronze, or stone, 

 occasionally some gold ornaments, and skeletons. The majority of 

 these " kourgans " date doubtless from fairly recent times, cor- 

 responding to Ugrian or Turk or " Tatar 1 " elements, and to the 

 modern Mongolian, and the skeletons found in them show mostly 

 brachycephalic skulls, which occasionally resemble quite closely 

 American crania of the same form. The older kourgans, on the other 

 hand, particularly those in which no metal occurs, yield an increasing- 

 number of dolichocephalic crania, in which close resemblances with 

 the dolichocephalic skulls of the American Indians are very frequent. 

 To what people these older remains belong is as yet an unanswered 

 question ; but there are in certain localities, as for instance on the 

 lower Yenisei, to this day remnants of native populations among 

 whom dolichocephalic individuals are quite common, and these indi- 

 viduals often bear a most remarkable physical resemblance to the 

 American Indian. 



Besides mounds, the writer saw and learned of numerous large 

 caverns, particularly in the mountains bordering the Yenisei River, 

 which offer excellent opportunities for archeological investigation. 

 Very little research work has thus far been done in these caverns, 

 but some have yielded, to Jelieniev, stone implements that indicate 

 old burials. 



In regard to the living people, the writer had the opportunity of 

 seeing numerous Buriats, representatives of a number of tribes on 

 the Yenisei and Abacan Rivers, many thousands of Mongolians, a 

 number of Tibetans, and many Chinese with a few Manchurians. On 

 one occasion alone, that of an important religious ceremony, he had 

 an opportunity to observe over 7,000 natives assembled from all parts 

 of Mongolia. He has also seen photographs of members of some of 

 the eastern Siberian tribes. Among all these people, but more 

 especially among the Yenisei Ostiaks, the Abacan Katchinci and 

 related groups, the Selenga Buriats, the eastern Mongolians, the 

 Tibetans, the east Siberian Oroczi and the Sachalin Giliaks, there 



1 The term " Tatar " in Siberia is applied to large numbers of natives and 

 covers a number of physically heterogeneous types. 



