44 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 'J'i^ 



clatorial type species for every generic name. Even the monographic 

 v^rorks of Seeliger and Hartmeyer (Bronn's Thierreich) and of Ihle 

 (1912a) and Neumann (1913a) (in Das Tierreich) do not appear to 

 have been based upon the principle of type species. If any work ex- 

 ists in which genotypes have been determined for the entire tunicate 

 group, the Appellants have not mentioned this in their evidence. 



(2) Certain important authors in this group do not appear to 

 have based their nomenclatorial work upon a careful study of the 

 Rules of Nomenclature that existed at the time they wrote. Thus, 

 early authors appear to have been unfamiliar with the Linnsean Rules, 

 and more recent authors (since 1842) appear to have been unfamiliar 

 with, or to have misinterpreted, or to have ignored, the rules as pro- 

 posed or adopted by various societies from 1842 to 191 o. Under 

 these circumstances it is not surprising that confusion has resulted. 



(3) A striking feature of tunicate literature is that authors con- 

 sider that if the description upon which a given name is based seems 

 obscure to them, they are at liberty to apply said name to any group 

 they may desire, regardless of its original application," or to rename 

 the original group.' 



* For examples see the following quotations : 



Quoy and Gaimard (1834a, 599) in proposing a new genus Doliolum, say: 

 "II ne faut pas confondre ce genre avec celui ainsi nomme par M. Otto, dans 

 les Nova acta curios, natur., t. 42, fig. 7, qui n'est qu'un Biphore tronque aux 

 deux extremites par una espece de crustace pelagien nomme Phronyme, qui s'y 

 loge et fait developper ses petits. Nous avons trouve deux fois et rapporte ce 

 singulier animal dans son logement." 



Fol (1872a, 460) in proposing a family " Appendiculaires " and a new genus 

 Fritillaria says : " Les descriptions que donnent Chamisso de son Appendicu- 

 laire, et Quoy et Gaimard de leur Fritillaria sont si vagues, que je me crois en 

 droit de faire de ces noms I'usage que je voudrai. Je conserve comme nom de 

 famille, le nom donne par Chamisso, et applique le terme de Fritillaria au 

 second de mes genres que ce nom designe assez bien." 



Under Fritillaria he gives F. furcata (Vogt), and four new species: F. 

 megachile, F. aplostoma, F. formica, and F. urticans. 



Fol (1874a, xlix) in proposing a new genus Appendicularia, says : " Les noms 

 Appendicularia (Cham.) et Fritillaria (Q. & G.) se rapportent clairement a des 

 animaux de la famille qui nous occupe, mais il est impossible d'appliquer les 

 descriptions dont ces noms ont ete accompagnes a I'une plutot qu'a I'autre des 

 formes qui la composent. Je persiste done a me considerer comme libre de 

 les donner au genre que bon me semble, tout en faisant suivre le nom de 

 cette reserve : Diagnosis emendata. Le nom donne par Chamisso n'ayant pas 

 encore trouve son emploi, je I'appliquerai au genre actuel." 



Of the species of Fritillaria he now cites : F. aplostoma (which he changes 

 to haplostoma), F. megachile, and F. furcata. 



'Mortens (1831a, 205-206) in proposing the new genus and species Oiko- 

 pkura chamissonis says : " Das in Anfrage stehende Thier ist f reilich schon 



