NO. 6 CADDOAN LINGUISTIC STOCK LESSER AND VVELTFISH 7 



broke down earlier among the three South Bands, and marriages 

 were tolerated between tsawi"'' and pi'tghawira't" at a time when 

 they were still frowned upon between any one of the three bands 

 and the tskiri, indicating a closer affiliation of the peoples of the 

 South Bands. 



The name pi'tahawira't" can be analyzed as meaning "man who 

 goes east": pi'ta — "man", hawira't" — "goes east." The latter is a 



combination derived from a'wtt" — "east" and ira't" — "one who 



" 1 

 goes. 



According to the writings of James R. Murie,^ the pi'tghawira't" 

 were formed of two villages: the pi'tghawira't" proper and the 

 kawgra'kts. Informants today state that while these two groups 

 did not live apart, but formed one village, they did speak different 

 dialects, as above noted, and also had independent bundles and 

 ritual and ceremonial performances. The name kawgra'kts simply 

 refers to the fact that these were the people who had or owned the 

 kawgra'" bundle, which seems to have been one of the most ancient 

 bundles of the Pawnees, certainly the oldest of the pi'tghawira't" 

 bundles. An indication of the conceived relationship of the two 

 groups is given by the kinship terms which they used for each other. 

 The kawgra'kts called the pi'tghawira't" tsku'rus, "in-law", while 

 the pi'tghawira't" replied rikurakatsku'rusu', "they are in-laws to 

 us". 



kttkghaxki'' means literally "little mud lodge". "On a hill", the 

 meaning given by GrinnelF, has no linguistic basis. 



Murie speaks of four divisions of the kttkghaxki'':* "the kttkg- 

 haxki"" proper, the little kttkghaxki"", the Black Heads, and the 

 kariki'su or 'one who stands in the circle to recite the creation 

 ritual' ". A number of informants agree that there were not four 

 divisions of the kttkghaxki'' band. Informants state that there 

 were two divisions, the kttkghaxki'' proper, called kttkghaxkisu- 

 rariksts" (rariksts", "real"), and the little kttkghaxki'', called 



' Grinnell, p. 216, gives " 'down the stream', or east" as the meaning of this 

 name. There are two usages for east in Pawnee, of which one means "outside 

 through the entrance", referring to the fact that the doorway of the Pawnee 

 earth lodge is oriented toward the Morning Star and the rising sun, hence east- 

 ward; while the second usage, a'wtt as above, is related to the stem for floating, 

 hence has a downstream connotation. As all rivers flowed eastward or south- 

 eastward from the Pawnee villages in Nebraska, the word has come to be used for 

 east. 



^ Murie, J. R., Ceremonies of the Pawnee. To be published by the Bureau of 

 American Ethnology. 



'Op. cit., p. 216. 



* Op. cit.; Grinnell, p. 241, speaks of three. 



