NO. 6 CADDOAN LINGUISTIC STOCK LESSER AND WELTFISH 9 



The word given by Gilmore' as the Ankara name for themselves, 

 "sanish" is saxntc, paralleHng the South Band word tsaxriks, mean- 

 ing "person"; and "san-sanish" is clearly the Arikara analogue of 

 the Pawnee tsaxriksttsaxriks (tsahiksttsahiks) discussed above. 



Awahu, the name used by the Arikaras for the Pawnees means 

 "left behind"; it also occurs as the name of one of the Arikara 

 villages.^ Traditionally it is said to reflect the movements of the 

 peoples, the fact that the Arikaras moved on to the north in the 

 Pawnee migrations and left the Pawnees behind. 



While the Arikara spoke of the Pawnees as awahu, they also knew 

 the bands by their individual names. These they rendered as 

 follows: stci'ri (tskiri);' wi't^hawira'^t (pi'tahawira't") ; tttk°haxtc 

 (kttkghaxki'^) ; sawi'at (tsawi''')- 



KITSAI 



This Caddoan language is known only as the speech of one small 

 tribe of that name. It was in recent historic times closely affiliated 

 with the Wichita peoples, and Wichitas will be found consistently 

 to give the Wichita name for the Kitsai as one of the bands of the 

 Wichita tribe, although all are aware of the difference in speech. 

 In culture the Kitsai became so similar to Wichita that it is almost 

 impossible today to find characteristics that differentiate them. 



The Kitsai language is closely related to both Pawnee and 

 Wichita. Comparisons of the three indicate that it is intermediate 

 to the two others. Many of the Kitsai forms show a striking rela- 

 tion to the Pawnee, while others bear as pronounced a resemblance 

 to Wichita forms. Kitsai resemblances are clearest with South 

 Band Pawnee, and comparison with that Pawnee dialect indicates 

 that these two — South Band Pawnee or Pawnee proper and Kitsai — 

 have been most conservative in retaining old Caddoan forms of the 

 northern Caddoan languages — Pawnee, Kitsai, Wichita. 



The Kitsai language is practically extinct today. Of six indi- 

 viduals reputed to know it, one woman knows some simple vocabu- 

 lary, another seems to understand but is never known to express 

 herself in the language; one man who pretends to speak some Kitsai 

 has its words and forms inextricably confused with a smattering of 

 Pawnee (Wichita being his native speech). Thus only three can 



' Op. cit. 



'On Arikara village names see Gilmore, M. R., Notes on Arikara tribal organi- 

 zation, Indian NtJtes, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 344-345, October, 1927. 



' Tschihri, quoted in the Handbook, pt. 2, p. 216, from Maximilian as the 

 Arikara name for the Pawnee, is clearly the Arikara version of tskiri, as here 

 given. 



