EFFECTIVENESS IN NATURE OF THE SO-CALLED 

 PROTECTIVE ADAPTATIONS IN THE ANIMAL 

 KINGDOM, CHIEFLY AS ILLUSTRATED BY THE 

 FOOD FIABITS OF NEARCTIC BIRDS 



By W. L. McATEE 



bureau of biological survey, 



u. s. department of agricultukk 



CONTENTS p^^^^ 



Introduction 2 



Protective adaptations 4 



Animals eaten by Nearctic birds 6 



Data cited and how obtained 6 



Identifications of animal food 8 



Protozoa (one-celled animals) 9 



Porifera (sponges) 10 



Coelenterata (hydras, jellyfishes, sea-anemones) 11 



Platyhelminthes (flatworms, flukes) 13 



Nemathelminthes (threadworms, roundworms) 13 



Trochelmintlies (rotifers) 13 



Molluscoida (corallines, lampshells) 13 



Echinodermata (sea-cucumbers, sea urcliins, starfishes) 14 



Annulata (worms) 15 



Arthropoda (jointed animals) 16 



Crustacea (crabs, shrimps, sowbugs) 17 



Myriapoda (thousandlegs, centipedes) 22 



Insecta (insects) 24 



Aptera f wingless insects) 27 



Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies) 28 



Agnatha (mayflies) 20 



Plecoptera (stoneflies) 30 



Isoptera (termites) 31 



Orthopteroidea (embracing the following 5 groups) ,^2 



Dermaptera (earwigs) ;^j 



Cheleutoptera (walkingsticks) 33 



Saltatoria (grasshoppers, locusts, crickets) 3 I 



Paleoptera (roaches) 38 



Dictyoptera (mantids) 3;) 



Corrodentia (psocids) 39 



Mallophaga (biting lice ) 40 



Siphonaptera (fleas) 40 



Thysanoptera (thrips) 40 



Rhynchota (bugs, cicadas, leafhoppers, scale insects) 41 



Neuropteroidea (dobsonflies, snakeflies, scorpionflies, ant- 

 lions, caddisflies) 49 



Lcpidoptera (mciths, butterflies) 52 



Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 85, No. 7. 



I 



