NO. 7 PROTECTIVE ADAPTATIONS McATEE I5I 



known to be preyed npon by more than 120 kinds of birds, numerous 

 species taking them in abundance. Nabidae, Lygaeidae, and spiders 

 also mentioned as enemies. 



191 3. Economic ornithology in recent entomological publications. The 



Auk, vol. 30, no. 4, p. 602, Oct. Eight species of birds observed 

 feeding on the larvae of the fruit tree leaf roller (Ar chips argyros- 

 pila). May beetles and their larvae (Lachnostema) preyed upon 

 by 60 species of birds, the crow and crow blackbird probably being 

 the most important enemies. 



1914. Economic ornithology in recent entomological publications. The 



Auk, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 421-422, July. Sugar-beet wireworm 

 {Limonhis californicits) — the California shrike an important enemy. 

 Cramhus calignosellus — the quail and the kingbird noted feeding 

 on this species. Craiiiluis laqucatcllus — the wood pewee observed 

 taking large numbers. Rose aphid (Macrosiphum rosae) — house 

 finch and white-crowned sparrow feeding on these aphids. Chinch 

 bug — -I/ species of birds recorded as foes. 



1915. Economic ornithology in recent entomological publications. The 



Auk, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 253-254, Apr. Wirewornis {Elateridae) are 

 recorded as being taken by 90 species of birds. Grasshoppers — 

 upward of 100 species of birds are known to feed upon these insects. 

 Alfalfahopper {Stictocephala festhia) — four species of birds re- 

 corded as enemies. Midges (Chirononius) are recorded as preyed 

 upon by six species of birds. 



1915. Bird enemies of forest insects. Amer. Forestry, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 681- 

 691, June. Bark beetles are preyed upon by more than 45 species 

 of birds. Round-headed and flat-headed wood borers — the larvae 

 of these insects are recorded to be eaten by all kinds of wood- 

 peckers. Flat-headed apple tree borers are recorded as taken by 

 the downy woodpecker. Carpenter ants — fully 50 species of birds 

 are known to eat these insects. An average of nearly 30 per cent 

 of the food of woodpeckers is recorded as being ants. No fewer 

 than 46 kinds of birds are known to feed upon the gipsy moth in 

 one or another of its stages. Thirty-one species of birds are re- 

 corded as enemies of the brown-tail moth. Orchard tent cater- 

 pillars are preyed upon by 43 species of birds, forest tent cater- 

 pillars by 32 and cankerworms by more than 50. Snow-white 

 linden moth — the English sparrow is recorded as an important 

 check on this insect. Plant lice are preyed upon by most small 

 birds. Scale insects are known to be taken by more than 60 species 

 of birds. Cicada — fishes and tortoises when opportunity presents, 

 frogs, toads, lizards, squirrels, and a multitude of birds prey upon 

 these insects. 



191 5. Economic ornithology in recent entomological publications. The 

 Auk, vol. S-^y "O. 4, pp. 520-521, Oct. Katydids — birds recorded as 

 important foes, special mention being made of chipping sparrows. 

 Calosoma sycophanta — crows and hairy woodpeckers recorded as 

 enemies of this beetle. Armyworm — more than 20 species of birds 

 recorded as foes. 



