NO. 7 PROTECTIVE ADAPTATIONS — McATEE 1 55 



to feed on this beetle. The larvae or pupae of cattle grubs {Hypo- 

 derma) were found in stomachs of four species of birds; the robin 

 also observed feeding on the larvae. Cankerworms (Alsophila 

 pomctaria and Palcacrita v,crnata)—76 species of birds listed as 

 predators. Cabbageworm (Picris rapae) — " Birds which are known 

 to feed upon cabbage worms are the chipping sparrow, English 

 sparrow, and house wren." 



1926. Relation of birds to woodiots. Roosevelt Wild Life Bull., vol. 4, 

 no. I, 152 pp., 22 pis., Oct. Contains a section (pp. 1 01 -136) on 

 forest insect pests and their bird enemies discussed under the 

 following heads: Plant lice (Aphididae), scale insects (Coccidae), 

 cicadas (Cicadidae), walkingsticks (Phasmidae), flat-headed wood 

 borers (Buprestidae), leaf chafers (Scarabaeidae), leaf beetles 

 (Chrysomelidae), round-headed wood borers (Cerambycidae), bark 

 beetles (Scolytidae), caterpillars (Lepidoptera), and sawflies, borer 

 wasps, and ants (Hymenoptera). 



1926. The role of vertebrates in the control of insect pests. Smithsonian 

 Rep. 1925, pp. 415-437, 7 pis. General notes on amphibians, reptiles, 

 and mammals as enemies of insects. Summarizes 109 cases of con- 

 trol and 88 of local suppression of insects by birds. 



1928. Economic ornithology in recent entomological publications. The 



Auk, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 526-528, Oct. Satin moth (Stilpnotia salicis) 

 — five species of birds noted as enemies in Massachusetts. Western 

 robins and bats reported as feeding on it in British Columbia. 

 Lygus elisiis — 26 species of birds known to feed upon plant bugs 

 of this genus. Cotton-stainers (Dysdercus spp.) — record of nine 

 kinds of birds preying upon cotton stainers, and three species 

 feeding upon other bugs of the same family. Fall armyworm 

 (Lapliygma frugipcrda) — lists 13 species of birds as enemies, and 

 notes that English sparrows have several times been observed to 

 eradicate local infestations. Pale western cutworm (Porasagrotis 

 orthogonia) — horned larks observed doing effective work against 

 this pest. 



MUTTKOWSKI, R. A., AND SmITH, G. M. 



1929. The food of trout stream insects in Yellowstone National Park. 



Roosevelt Wild Life Ann., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 241-263, Oct. Stone- 

 flies, carnivorous forms prey chiefly on larvae and pupae of 

 mayflies, caddisflies, midges ; mayflies are chiefly scavengers ; 

 caddisflies : the carnivorous species are inclined to be cannibalistic, 

 but they take also rotifers, midge larvae and pupae, and dead 

 insects. Bibliography. 

 Patch, E. M. 



1906. White grubs and June beetles. [In circulars, finance, meteorology, 

 and index.] Bull. 137, Maine Exp. Sta., pp. 286-287. Enemies 

 noted : Skunks, moles, and ground squirrels in addition to a large 

 number of birds prey on the grubs. Besides toads and frogs and 

 possibly insectivorous snakes, a large number of birds feed on the 

 adult beetles. Cecropia moth, p. 294: enemies noted are chickens, 

 turkeys, and swine. The tent caterpillar, p. 296 : natural enemies 

 of this caterpillar include birds and parasitic insects ; it is also 

 susceptible to attack by bacterial and fungus diseases. 



