NO. 7 PROTECTIVE ADAPTATIONS McATEE I 57 



Needham, James G. 



1898. Birds vs. dragonflies. Osprey, vol. 2, nos. 6-7, pp. 85-86, Feb. -Mar. 

 Review of notes by Rene Martin on European hobby and swift 

 as enemies ; Mcrops pcrsiciis lines its nest with their wings ; when 

 teneral, chipmunks, frogs, toads, snakes, ants, and birds eat them. 

 Various birds eat nymphs. 



1918. [Food of Odonata.] In Fresh-water biology, by Ward and Whipple, 

 p. 890. Diptera and other dragonflies. 

 Needham, Jas. G., and Heywoop, Hortense B. 



1929. A handbook of the dragonflies of North America, ^j% pp., illus. Food, 

 flies, mosquitoes, honey bees; enemies, l)irds, frogs, fishes, water 

 snakes, spiders, other dragonflies ; large numbers sometimes de- 

 stroyed by storms. 

 Sharp, David. 



1910. [Enemies of Odonata.] Cambridge Nat. Hist., vol. 5, pp. 424-425. 

 Hawks, bee-eaters, other birds, fishes, snakes, newts, aquatic Cole- 

 optera, Hcmiptera, and other Odonata. 

 Walker, E. M. 



1924. The Odonata of the Thunder Bay District, Ontario. Can. ILnt., vol. 



56, no. 7, pp. 170-176, July; no. 8, pp. 182-189, Aug. Dragonflies 



found in stomachs of sucker, whitefish, sturgeon, and golden-eye 



ducks ; a dragonfly nymph observed eating an adult of same species. 



Wilson, Charles Branch. 



1920. Dragonflies and damselflies in relation to pondfish culture, with a 

 list of those found near Fairport, Iowa. Bull. 36, U. S. Bur. 

 Fisheries, pp. 182-264, pis. 67-69, figs. 1-63, Aug. Notes on con- 

 tents of alimentary canals of 250 nymphal and many adult Odonata ; 

 citation of previous studies ; full bibliography. Odonate nymphs, 

 diving beetles, water-scorpions, other aquatic Hemiptera, Hydra, 

 nematodes, fungi, birds, fishes, reptiles and amphibians prey on 

 nymphs ; Diptera and Hymenoptera parasitize the eggs ; and birds, 

 other dragonflies, ants, spiders, robber flies, frogs, and fishes prey 

 upon the adults, which also have both external and internal 

 parasites. 



AGNATHA 



See various entries under Pisces ; also Muttkowski and Smith under Miscel- 

 laneous Insects. 

 Needham, James G. 



1920. Burrowing mayflies of our larger lakes and streams. Bull. U. S. 

 Bur. Fisheries, vol. 36 (1917-1918), pp. 269-292, pis. 70-92. May- 

 flies of prime importance as food of fishes ; quotations from Forbes, 

 Wagner, and Pearse, as to their value (pp. 270-271). 



PLECOPTERA 



See various entries under Pisces ; also Muttkowski and .Smith under Miscel- 

 laneous Insects. 



