I JO SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 85 



Kershaw, John C. W. 



1905. Butterfly-destroyers in Southern China. Trans. Ent. See. London, 



1905, pp. 5-8. Has seen only a dozen attacks by birds in five years ; 

 lizards destroy most adults. Notches in wings made by striking 

 twigs, etc., a cuckoo the worst enemy of larvae, taking even the 

 hairy and most conspicuous kinds. Also ants fastening on butterfly 

 tongues. 



KiRKLAND, A. H. 



1896. The army worm. ^Massachusetts Crop Rep. 1896, pp. 34-36. Birds 

 are recognized as being the most important enemies of the army 

 worm. Toads, parasitic flies, and beetles also are recorded as being 

 enemies of this pest. 



L.A.MB0RN, W. A. 



1912. Butterflies a natural food of monkeys. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 

 1912, p. iv. Mangabeys eating butterflies at mudholes. 



Lawson, G. 



1888. Insect injuries to field and orchard crops. Provincial Crop Rep. 

 Nova Scotia, 1888, p. 29. American and forest tent caterpillars 

 are eaten by the crow and cuckoo and to a lesser extent by the 

 linnet and swallow; cankerworms by the linnet (purple finch?). 



LiNTNER, J. A. 



1888. Cutworms. Bull. 6, New York State Mus., 36 pp., 28 figs. Natural 

 enemies include wild birds, poultry, toads, ground beetles, preda- 

 cious bugs, mites, spiders, parasitic Diptera and Hymenoptera 

 (pp. 23-28). 



LOUNSBURY, C. P. 



1895. Canker worms, army worms, etc. Bull. 28, Hatch Exp. Sta., p. 15. 

 Poultry, birds, frogs, toads, beetles, and parasitic flies listed as foes. 

 Lugger, Otto. 



1892. Tent-caterpillars. Ann. Rep. Minnesota Hort. Soc, p. 2>7-- Cuckoos, 



skunks, and Calosoma are enemies. 

 Mallonee, a. M. 



1916. Frogs catching butterflies. Science, n. s., vol. 43, pp. 386-387, Mar. 17. 

 Rana catesbiana eating a number of Papilio turnus. 

 Mally, F. W. 



1893. Report on the boll worm of cotton (Heliothis arniiger Hubn.). Bull. 



29, U. S. Div. Ent., p. 26. Woodpeckers and sparrows reported as 

 enemies. 



Manders, N. 



1912. [Enemies of Danais chrysippus.] Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 446. 

 Trichogramma evanescens parasitizes large numbers of eggs ; ants 

 eat the eggs ; larvae are commonly parasitized ; spiders and ants 

 eat them; they are cannibalistic; adults eaten by lizards, and 

 sometimes by birds. 



Marlatt, C. L. and Orton, W. A. 



1906. The control of the codling moth and apple scab. Farmers' Bull. 247, 



U. S. Dep. Agr., p. 9. Woodpeckers noted as preying upon the 

 codling moth. 



