NO. 7 PROTECTIVE ADAPTATIONS McATEE Ijl 



McAtee, W. L. 



1912. Bird enemies of the codling moth. Yearbook U. S. Dep. Agr. 191 1, 

 pp. 237-246. Birds recognized as most effective natural enemies — 

 from 66 to 85 per cent of the hibernating larvae recorded as being 

 destroj'ed. 36 species of birds known to prey upon this moth. 



1923. Another insect birds should not eat. The Auk, vol. 40, no. 3, p. 560, 



July. Red-humped apple caterpillar (Schisiira concinna) — recorded 

 as preyed upon by six species of birds. 



1924. Birds as factors in the control of the fall webworm. The Auk, vol. 



41, no. 2, p. 2>7-> Apr. Results of eight years' study in Canada, 

 red-eyed vireo destroys 11.4 to 89.5 per cent of the broods, averag- 

 ing more than 68 per cent ; birds " tremendously important " 

 in control of the insect. 



1925. Economic ornithology. The Auk, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 464-465, July. 



European corn borer — This pest is recorded as preyed upon by 

 four species of birds. 



1926. Birds feeding on the European corn borer. The Auk, vol. 43, no. 3, 



P- 395! July- Red-wing blackbirds and downy woodpeckers re- 

 corded as feeding on the larvae. 



1927. Economic ornithology in recent entomological publications. The 



Auk, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 458-459, July. European corn borer re- 

 corded as taken by six species of birds. 

 Neal, H. V. 



1912. Monkeys eating butterflies. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1912, pp. xvii- 

 xviii. Commonly do so in Lagos. 

 Otanes, F. O. 



1925. The rice stem borer {Schocnobins inccrtcllns Walker). Philippine 

 Agr. Rev., vol. 18, no. i, pp. 8t-8_'. " The adult moths are said 

 to be preyed upon by birds, mudfish (dalag), spiders, frogs, and 

 mantids " (p. 82). 

 Pack, H. J. 



1922. Toads in regulating insect outlircaks. Copeia, no. 107, pp. 46-47, 

 June 20. Feeding exclusively on sugar-beet wcbworms and taking 

 from 20 to 40 each. 

 Patch, Edith M. 



1908. The saddled prominent, Hctcrocauipn gjittivilta (Walker). Maine 

 Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. i6t, pp. 311-350, figs. 14-40, Nov. Predacious 

 bugs and beetles, hymenopterous parasites, a fungus, skunks, 

 domestic fowls, and wild birds recorded as enemies. (Pp. 340-348.) 

 1921. A meadow caterpillar. Bull. 302, Maine Agr. Exp. Sta., pp. 309-320, 

 2 pis., Dec. Ctcnucha virginica. One dipterous and 5 hymenopter- 

 ous parasites. " Though covered with stiff hairs, the over-worked 

 theory that such caterpillars are thereby immune from birds' attacks 

 cannot stand up against the testimony of my pet thrush which 

 whips these caterpillars vigorously against the floor of the cage 

 until, in a surprisingly sliort time, their bodies are beaten limp 

 and naked, whereupon they are swallowed in one gulp." 

 Pettit, R. H. 



1904. The codling moth in Michigan. Bull. 222, Michigan Agr. Exp. Sta., 

 pp. 78 and 89-90. Birds most important ; shrews, parasitic Hymen- 

 optera and fungi also mentioned. 

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