NO. 7 PROTECTIVE ADAPTATIONS IMcATEE 1/3 



1909. The codling moth and how to control it by spraying. Bull. 143, 



New Hampshire Agr. Exp. Sta., pp. 64-82. Downy woodpeckers 



and nuthatches are recorded as being the most important enemies 



of the codling moth. 

 Sanderson, E. D., Headlee, T. J., and Brooks, Charles. 



1907. Spraying the apple orchard. Bull. 131, New Hampshire Agr. Exp. 



Sta., pp. 18-19 and 35. Woodpeckers and nuthatches are recorded as 



feeding extensively on the codling moth. 

 Saunders, Aretas A. 



1 9 16. A note on the food of the western robin. The Condor, vol. 18, no. 9, 



p. 81, Mar.-Apr. Robin feeding on Papilio 7-ntulus, and a chipmunk 



feeding upon the same species and also on F. curymcdon. 

 Sharp, D. 



1910. [Parasites of winter moth.] Cambridge Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 521. 



" The destructive winter moth — Chciniatohia brmnata — is known 

 to be subject to the attacks of 63 species of Hymenopterous para- 

 sites. So abundant are these latter that late in the autumn it is 

 not infrequently the case that the majority of caterpillars contain 

 these destroyers." 



Sherman, F. 



1921. Observations of natural enemies of the fall cankerworm (Alsophila 

 pome f aria Peck) in forests of southern Alleghany Alountains in 

 1920. Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 478-481, Dec. Names 

 15 species of birds presumably of material help, five predacious 

 insects, and 3 parasites of which one destroyed from 25 to 40 per 

 cent of the eggs. 



Shiras, Geo., 3rd. 



1921. Frogs eating butterflies. Nat. Geogr. Mag., vol. 40, no. 2, p. 174, 

 Aug. Leopard frogs catching about 500 " blues " in a week ; also 

 eating many Argynnis aphrodite. 



Skaife, S. H. 



1921. Some factors in the natural control of the wattle bagworm. South 

 African Journ. Sci., vol. 17, nos. 3-4, pp. 291-301, July. Acan- 

 thopsychc jiinodi Heylaerts. Out of a total of 59,687 examined, 

 just over one per cent were destroyed by birds and rats, 19 per 

 cent by insect parasites, 16 per cent by fungous disease, and 17 

 per cent by other diseases. Only one-quarter of one per cent 

 survive the early perils of their life. 



Smith, J. B. 



1895. [Zcnrjcra pyriiia.] 15th Ann. Rep. New Jersey Exp. Sta. 1894, pp. 

 531-532. Almost all insectivorous birds, especially woodpeckers and 

 the sparrow, in addition to bats, and predacious insects, are re- 

 corded as enemies of this insect. 



Spencer, G. J. and H. G. Crawford. 



I9_'3. The European corn borer in Ontario. Ontario Dep. Agr. Bull. 295, 

 1 1 pp., 10 figs., Mar. Ants, aphis-lions, ladybird beetles, ground 

 beetles, crickets, a parasitic fly, and several species of birds noted 

 as foes. One instance recorded of downy and hairy woodpeckers 

 destroying 60 per cent of the borers (pp. 7-8). 



