WHOLE VOL. APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY HOWARD 2.^ 



applied science. More will be said about him in subsequent sections, 

 and a special section will be devoted to his remarkable report entitled 

 " Insects Afifecting the Orange." 



In 1875 appeared the first contribution to economic entomology 

 from the pen of Prof. C. H. Fernald, another man who was destined 

 to have a very marked influence on the growth of this aspect of 

 applied science. Professor Fernald came from an old seafaring 

 family and waS a sailor in his youth. He began to collect marine 

 forms. At 21 he entered college to prepare himself for a ship cap- 

 taincy. And then came the Civil War. He entered the Navy, and 

 spent most of his time during the war on shipboard ; carrying books 

 with him, however, so that he completed the reading for his college 

 course. After the war he began teaching science, and among other 

 things undertook an intensive study of zoology, including the col- 

 lection and study of insects. In 1871 he was made Professor of 

 Natural History in the Maine State College, and insects came more 

 and more to occupy his attention. In 1875 he wrote an article entitled 

 " Destructive Insects — Their Habits and Means of Preventing their 

 Depredations " which was published in the Third Annual Report of 

 the Maine State Pomological Society. From then on, his entomologi- 

 cal publications were frequent. In 1886 he was made Professor of 

 Zoology in the Massachusetts Agricultural College, which position he 

 retained until 1910. In 1887 he was made Entomologist of the State 

 Agricultural Experiment Station. He died in February, 1921. His 

 greatest work in economic entomology was in connection with the 

 early years of the fight against the gipsy moth in Massachusetts. He 

 was scientific director of the work from 1889 to 1899. He was a man 

 of great executive ability, of very pleasing address, and made an 

 admirable advocate for funds for the work before the Massachusetts 

 State Legislature. All this time he was also doing more strictly sci- 

 entific work, and became known as the American authority on the 

 Tortricidae. 



Once, during the 1890's, I was riding with him along a Massachu- 

 setts road, and he said to me, " I wonder, Howard, whether after I 

 die I shall be known as an economic entomologist or as a systema- 

 tist." My reply was, " You forget one of your greatest accomplish- 

 ments ; you will go down to future ages as a teacher in the first place." 

 And this is perfectly true ; he was a most successful teacher, and 

 some of the best of the economic entomologists who have been work- 

 ing since his teaching days were pupils of him and of his son, Henry T. 

 Fernald, who joined him on the teaching stafl: of the Massachusetts 

 Agricultural College shortly after he gained his doctorate in philoso- 



