28 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL.84 



phy from Johns Hopkins University. Fernald's students are found 

 in many places, doing admirable work and holding positions of impor- 

 tance, and all speak of the good training they had while under him. 



In 1876 was published the first contribution to economic ento- 

 mology by Prof. S. A. Forbes. Forbes was a mature man who had 

 served during the Civil War and who apparently was a born natu- 

 ralist. His early papers related to the food of birds and fishes, but as 

 early as 1880 he wrote about the maple tree bark-louse. He organized 

 the Illinois Natural History Survey, became Professor of Zoology in 

 the University of Illinois, and succeeded Cyrus Thomas as State 

 Entomologist. His bibliography is very long and very important. 

 He is still living (April, 1928) and is looked upon as the dean of 

 American economic entomologists. His writings have been broad and 

 sound and far-sighted. He is an all-round naturalist and a deep 

 thinker. He was probably the first entomologist in the United States 

 to adopt the word ecology and to insist upon the broad applications 

 of studies of that character in a consideration of the insect problems 

 of agriculture. There is probably no American writer on entomologi- 

 cal topics who is held in more respect and whose writings are as 

 sound and as broad. 



In the same year (1876) was published the first paper by J. Dun- 

 can Putnam, a young man of the greatest promise, w^ho died in 1880. 

 His admirable paper entitled " Biological and Other Notes on Coc- 

 cidae," published in the Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of 

 Natural Sciences, is a remarkable piece of work. Possibly Putnam, 

 had he lived, would not have been attracted to the economic phases 

 of entomology, but he was a born naturalist, keen observer, and a 

 man who would have accomplished a very great deal. In these days, 

 when we consider that all phases of entomological study are really in 

 a way economic, it seems certain that his death was a great loss to the 

 world. 



In 1877, Pi'of. George H. French, a good entomologist, who worked 

 for a time as an assistant to Cyrus Thomas when the latter was State 

 Entomologist of Illinois, published his first paper in the Prairie 

 Farmer. It was on the Hessian fly. Subsequently he published a num- 

 l)er of shorter articles and wrote important sections for Doctor 

 Thomas' Seventh Report. In addition to these, he published in the 

 Transactions of the Illinois State Horticultural Society for 1877-78 

 a long article on " Insects Injurious to the Vegetable Garden," treat- 

 ing, however, only of Lepidopterous insects. 



Miss Emily A. Smith also began to write in 1877. Her first arti- 

 cle was on the insect enemies of shade trees, etc., in a book on that sub- 



