WHOLE VOL. APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY HOWARD 75 



little or no training. But the passage of the act created what may be 

 termed the first market for economic entomologists in this country. 

 A certain number of positions were created, and therefore a certain 

 number of men began training to fill these positions and others 

 that might l)e opened up. 



It will be interesting to consider the men who were teaching ento- 

 mology most successfully in the early 1890's. Perhaps the majority 

 of them had received no especial training in economic entomology. 

 The oldest teachers, C. H. Fernald in Massachusetts, Comstock at 

 Cornell, Cook at the Michigan Agricultural College, and Forbes at 

 the University of Illinois were distinctly self-trained and self-edu- 

 cated in entomology. The same may be said of E. A. Popenoe at the 

 Kansas State Agricultural College, and the same may also be said of 

 Lawrence Bruner at the University of Nebraska and of Otto Lugger 

 at the University of Minnesota, although Lugger had been associated 

 with Riley both in Missouri and later in Washington. The same 

 may also be said of John B. Smith at the New Jersey State College 

 of Agriculture, who had never received any scientific education 

 although he had become an entomologist of note and had made two 

 investigations for Riley — the one on hop insects and the other on 

 cranberry insects. All of these men who have been mentioned so far 

 taught for years and trained good students. 



There are five more of these early teachers who should be men- 

 tioned. Herbert Osborn, who taught at the Iowa State College of 

 Agriculture and Mechanic Arts from 1879 to 1898, was an entomolo- 

 gist by choice who, to perfect himself, studied at the Museum of 

 Comparative Zoology in Cambridge for two summers and again at 

 the famous Naples Zoological Station for two summers. Osborn did 

 not go to the Ohio State University at Columbus until 1898, but 

 since that time he has built up one of the most prominent departments 

 of entomology and has been eminently successful in sending out 

 finely trained men for posts all over the country. 



C. P. Gillette, who was the first appointee in economic entomology 

 at the Colorado State Agricultural College, was a graduate of the 

 Michigan Agricultural College and had therefore been a student of 

 Cook. He has been a very successful teacher and investigator and 

 has trained a number of men who have since achieved prominence. 



There came to the University of Louisiana at Baton Rouge in 1889 

 Prof. H. A. Morgan. He came from Canada, where he had been 

 educated at the Ontario Agricultural College and at the University of 

 Toronto. Realizing his lack of training in entomology, he spent part 

 of the years 1892 and 1898 at Cornell with Comstock, and 1895 at the 



