90 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL.84 



Mann's work was exclusively bibliographical ; Barnard's exclu- 

 sively with machinery. The latter invented the so-called Cyclone 

 Spray Nozzle, afterwards called the Riley Nozzle and, in France, 

 the V^ermorel Nozzle. He also invented ingenious machinery for 

 under-spraying the cotton fields with Paris green but which proved 

 to be unusable on account of the uneven quality of the ground. 



The useful Pergande was, of course, retained. I was much in 

 doubt about myself, and, I imagine, so was Riley. On resuming 

 office, he sent me at once to Illinois to investigate an outbreak of 

 the army worm, and immediately on my return he sent me to 

 Georgia to investigate rice insects. On my return to Washington, 

 I wrote up my reports, and I imagine that it was the fact that these 

 were well done that induced the chief to retain me in the service. 



Then followed 13 years of slow but steady growth and accom- 

 ]ilishment. The conditions of work in the entomological organiza- 

 tion were not of the pleasantest kind, owing to the personal charac- 

 teristics of the chief. He was a restless, ambitious man, a great 

 schemer, and striving constantly to make his work appear more im- 

 ]iortant. He was ambitious to build up a large organization. Unfor- 

 tunately, he made many enemies. Some of these were in the Depart- 

 ment of Agriculture itself while others were in Congress. Although his 

 first interest was in promoting the work of the entomological branch 

 of the Department, he was also interested, although in a lesser degree, 

 in the work of the Department as a whole. It must not be forgotten, 

 for example, that he was one of the first to advocate the found- 

 ing of the Office of Experiment Stations which had for years such a 

 phenomenal growth, and that he was a warm advocate of the appoint- 

 ment of the first Director of that office. Prof. W. O. Atwater. Nor 

 should it be forgotten that (possibly at the suggestion of Elliott 

 Coues and C. Hart Merriam — then a young man recently graduated 

 in medicine but much more interested in birds and animals — but 

 apparently out of his own mind) he advocated and was largely instru- 

 mental in bringing about a branch of economic ornithology for the 

 purpose of making a scientific study of the food habits of birds in 

 order to determine among other things their value to the farmer as 

 destroyers of injurious insects. Appropriations for this work were 

 secured, and it was begun at first as a branch of the entomological 

 service which by that time had been officially designated as a " Divi- 

 sion " of the Department of Agriculture. The section of economic 

 ornithology developed eventually into the Bureau of Biological Sur- 

 vey and has grown very greatly in scope and importance, spreading 

 out at first into an investigation of the faunal life zones of the United 



