WHOLE VOL. APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY HOWARD 95 



the service. Schwarz was a very learned and competent German ento- 

 mologist who had joined Hagen at the newly founded Agassiz Museum 

 of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the very 

 early 1870's. Hubbard was a well born, wealthy young man from 

 Detroit, who was a member of the class of 1873 at Harvard. The 

 two men became intimate there, and when Hubbard graduated he 

 took Schwarz with him to Detroit where they started a private lab- 

 oratory and soon after made an expedition to the Lake Superior 

 region where they collected and afterwards published a joint paper on 

 the Coleoptera of that part of the country. They were very warm 

 friends, and remained so until Hubbard's death in 1899. 



In 1881 Hubbard went to Florida for his health, bought a place at 

 Crescent City where he started fruit-growing. He was a very keen 

 entomologist and a wonderful observer. During Comstock's adminis- 

 tration of the entomological service of the Department of Agricul- 

 ture, Riley, from the outside, watched his (Comstock's) movements 

 and his publications with keen interest. He realized that Comstock 

 had scored a big point in his Citrus insect work, and especially in 

 his work upon scale insects ; and he began to lay plans. On his return 

 to the Department in the spring of 1881, he began to put them into 

 effect. He suggested to Hubbard that he should prepare a report on 

 the insect enemies of the orange. Hubbard liked the work and threw 

 himself into it with enthusiasm. As a result of his labors he pro- 

 duced in 1885 a very remarkable report entitled " Insects Aft"ecting the 

 Orange," which was published by the Department as a special report 

 of the Division of Entomology. 



It is doubtful whether the Department of Agriculture had ever pub- 

 lished quite such an admirable report. It was very fully illustrated, and 

 covered more than 200 pages. Looking over it today, one marvels : the 

 writer knew his subject so well ; he was so keen an observer, and so 

 broad a thinker, and yet at the same time he was so practical. It is 

 a monumental publication, and today stands out among the publica- 

 tions of the Department. Hubbard knew his insects and he knew his 

 crop. He knew the parasites of his insects, and he knew the plant 

 diseases. Moreover, he knew enough of chemistry and enough of 

 machinery so that he was able to point out exactly what the orange 

 grower could do and should do. Nothing at all equal to it had been 

 published in any country. 



The Italian Government two years later published a big report 

 entitled " Studi Botanici sugli Agrumi e sulle Piante Affini," by 

 O. Penzig, which included an account of the orange insects of the 



