WHOLE VOL. APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY HOWARD IO5 



who wrote in the i88o's of leaf hoppers, John Hamilton, the Coleop- 

 terist, Joseph Leidy, the hiologist, Rev. Samuel Lockwood, a New 

 Jersey clergyman interested in entomology, Joseph Voyle, a south- 

 erner and at one time an agent of the United States Department of 

 Agriculture, C. S. Minot, the eminent biologist and embryologist, and 

 Edward Burgess, the well known Dipterist and yacht designer — all 

 published on economic entomology in the early i88o's. 



In spite of all this, when one looks back, there was after all, as we 

 have already stated, comparatively little economic work being done 

 outside the Federal organization. Entomologists, it is true — ama- 

 teurs — ^were abundant, and I think even more abundant than they 

 are now, but we must remember that there were absolutely no books 

 on economic entomology. The publication of the first edition of Prof. 

 William Saunders' " Insects Injurious to Fruits " in 1883 was a 

 great event. It was written by a Canadian, it is true, but it was 

 published by an American firm (J. B. Lippincott Co. of Philadel- 

 phia). And it was not until after the Agricultural Experiment 

 Stations and the Agricultural Colleges were in full swing that 

 other books began tO' be published ; and there has followed, of course, 

 a series of them that would more than fill Doctor Eliot's famous 

 five-foot shelf — all excellent books and constantly growing bigger, 

 culminating last year in the big book entitled " Destructive and Use- 

 ful Insects " by Metcalf and Flint. 



But there were several active entomological societies, and the 

 big collections were growing rapidly. 



The Hatch Act and the State Agricultural Experiment 



Stations 



A number of things happened toward the close of the last century 

 which not only emphasized the importance of applied entomology in 

 a very extraordinary way but which also helped to place the United 

 States in better condition to fight the destructive influences as they 

 developed. In the latter category belongs the passage of the so-called 

 Hatch Act by Congress in the late eighties which resulted in the 

 organization in the spring of 1888 of the State Agricultural Experi- 

 ment Stations. 



Down to that time New York, Illinois, and Missouri had been 

 practically the only States to support distinct and consecutive inves- 

 tigations in economic entomology. A number of the State horticul- 

 tural and agricultural societies had, as we have seen, published reports 

 on injurious insects, and I believe that Doctor Packard was paid for 

 his Massachusetts reports. The State Board of Agriculture of Penn- 

 8 



