134 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 84 



underestimated the need of colleagues trained in entomology. They 

 have underestimated the difficulties of entomological study. What 

 has appeared simple to them has been shown often to be extremely 

 complex. But the old ideas are passing away, and the vital need of 

 cooperation in this as in so many other directions is apparent. 



The great French parasitologist, Raphael Blanchard, once said — 



The rapid movement which leads medicine into the current of parasitology 

 cannot be stopped. In reality these two branches of general biology seem more or 

 less distinct, but, as two rivers whose waters meet and flow side by side for a 

 certain distance soon come together, so parasitology may include almost the 

 entire domain of medicine. (Translated.) 



This may be the extreme view of an over-enthusiastic parasitolo- 

 gist, but it cannot fail to emphasize the importance of the study of 

 the insect carriers of parasitic diseases. 



A rather full chapter on medical entomology will be found near 

 the end of this book. 



Quarantine Against Injurious Insects 



Although the United States has been one of the very greatest suf- 

 ferers from damage by pests imported accidentally through com- 

 merce, it was one of the latest countries to adopt satisfactory quar- 

 antine measures. This was due to some extent to ignorance and 

 inertia, but later to the active opposition of organizations of people 

 engaged in some one branch of the importing business. 



The Phylloxera scare, beginning in Europe in 1859 and going 

 around the world subsequent to 1869, induced the first legislation of 

 this kind in other countries. Legislation against the Colorado potato 

 beetle was adopted a few years later. Of all the States in the Union, 

 California was the first to take action to stop the incoming of plant 

 pests; and her first law, passed in 1881, was broad and at the same 

 time specific, and, with subsequent modifications, has proved reason- 

 ably elTective. Other States were repeatedly urged to pass similar 

 laws, relating, however, for the most part to commerce between 

 States in the Union ; and eventually certain other States followed the 

 example of California. As early as January, 1895, I brought these 

 laws together in Bulletin 33, old series, of the Division of Ento- 

 mology, and there were at that time in operation State laws of Ore- 

 gon, Washington, Idaho, New Jersey, Colorado, Missouri, Kansas, 

 Minnesota, and Nebraska. Other States followed, and in Bulletin 

 13, new series, published three years later (1898) all of these laws 

 were brought together. 



