WHOLE VOL. APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY HOWARD 159 



divided into a large number of so-called divisions, the chief of each 

 of these divisions reporting directly to the Secretary of Agriculture. 

 About i8g8, Dr. B. T. Galloway, the chief of one of these divisions 

 (that of Vegetable Pathology) had a mild nervous breakdown and 

 went to California for his health. With nothing to do but to think 

 for some weeks or possibly months, he evolved the idea that many of 

 these divisions could be grouped together in bureaus and that only 

 the heads of the bureaus should report directly to the Cabinet official 

 in charge of the whole Department. Naturally this plan included the 

 grouping of all of the divisions relating to plants, such as for example 

 the Divisions of Botany, Agrostology, Vegetable Pathology, Pomol- 

 ogy, and the like, into a single bureau under some such title as Bureau 

 of Plant Industry. Going further, the divisions relating to ani- 

 mal life, like the Divisions of Animal Industry, Biological Survey, 

 and Entomology, he thought, might be brought together in a Bureau 

 of Animal Industry ; and so on. When he returned to Washington 

 with his health entirely restored he announced his plan to Secretary 

 Wilson. The latter had from the start been impressed by Doctor 

 Galloway's ability — possibly the fact that both were Scotsmen made 

 their mutual confidence a trifle closer than it might otherwise have 

 been — and Doctor Galloway was told to sound out the different chiefs 

 of divisions and get their opinions. Tlie result was that the Bureau of 

 Plant Industry was established. The Division of Entomology and the 

 Division of Biological Survey were, however, not brought under the 

 Division of Animal Industry which in itself was made a Bureau. 

 Some independent divisions or offices still remained unassigned to 

 bureaus. I remember very well when Dr. W. A. Taylor, then Chief 

 of the Division of Pomology, and Dr. A. F. Woods, then Assistant 

 Chief of the Division of Vegetable Pathology, came to me as emis- 

 saries to suggest that the Division of Entomology be incorporated 

 with the other units into the Bureau of Animal Industry. I objected 

 strenuously from the start. I greatly wished to preserve the prac- 

 tically absolute autonomy of the organization and to retain the privi- 

 lege of direct consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture. The 

 work of the Entomological service in its field and in its technique, in 

 its literature and in its collections, varied so greatly from anything 

 else among the Department activities that it should be kept apart. 



Very fortunately, I think, on the whole, my views were heeded 

 and the entomological service was left as an indei>endent division 

 until later (1904) it was made a bureau by the adoption of the term 

 in the Agricultural Appropriation Bill of that year. 



