WHOLE VOL. APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY HOWARD 209 



tion of the winter nests of this insect. This very old law, I under- 

 stand, still holds, but its enforcement has " gone out of style." That 

 it may still be enforced was seen in the region of Angers in 1910, and 

 Bouvier in 1920 showed the necessity for its enforcement in the vast 

 domain bequeathed to the French Academy near Montmorillon, De- 

 partment of Vienne. 



In the section on Sweden I have spoken of " Noxa Insectorum " 

 printed at Stockholm in 1752, as probably the first paper on applied 

 entomology prepared by a thoroughly scientific man ; but Doctor 

 Kemner reminds me of the paper by A. F. Krafl^ten published in 

 Nuremburg in 171 2 and 1713. Hagen's " Bibliotheca Entomologica " 

 mentions three titles by Krafften, but possibly all three are the same 

 paper. I have been unable to consult them, but it is likely that they 

 contain nothing especially significant. 



The Swedish paper, although it is supposed to have been written by 

 Linnaeus, contains little of a practical nature, and in fact from the 

 standpoint of the economic entomologist is not of very much greater 

 significance than the early book by Conrad von Magenburg (1309- 

 1374) entitled " Das Buch der Natur." known to us through Hugo 

 Schulz's edition (Greifswald, 1892). In this book the chapter on 

 " Worms " includes sections on the bee, the spider, the silkworm, the 

 glow-worm, the dog-fly (probably Stomoxys), midges (including 

 mosquitoes, etc.), gadfly, the hornet, the cabbage worm, ants, the ant- 

 lion, grasshoppers, flies (including the house fly and the flesh flies), 

 the flea, the louse, the water striders, the ground beetle, wood-boring 

 larvae, the meal-worm, and the insects injuring furs (Denncsfes, 

 Pyralis pinguinalis), and the wasp. 



After writing thus far the natural thought comes to me (it should 

 have come at once) that of course people had to fight insects before 

 they knew anything about them. So some sort of applied entomology 

 must have begun before a true study of insects was taken up. Much 

 light is thrown upon this subject in a just-published work. 



Dr. F. S. Bodenheimer, of Palestine (The Hebrew University. 

 Jerusalem), has published two large volumes entitled (translated) 

 " Material for the History of Entomology before Linne." Volume i 

 was published in 1928. and Volume 2 in 1929. The work is one of 

 extreme interest, and Doctor Bodenheimer has evidently spent a great 

 deal of time and a great deal of patient research. Volume i contains 

 498 very large octavO' pages and is illustrated by 155 text figures and 

 24 plates. Volume 2 has 436 pages. 100 text figures, and 4 plates. In 

 Volume I he speaks especially of agricultural entomology known to 

 the Romans and to the Arabs, and also of agricultural entomology as 



