WHOLE VOL. APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY HOWARD 213 



admirably descriptive term vastatrix and " usage, that grand mas- 

 ter * * * has consecrated the cognomen repeated by the press of the 

 entire world." 



In 1870, Riley in Missouri estabhshed the identity of the Euro- 

 pean and American forms, and the identity of the root form and the 

 leaf form. He confirmed his conclusions in a journey to France in 

 1871. 



The most im])ortant observations on the life history of the I'hyl- 

 loxera were carried on probably by Balbiani and Cornu. 



The spread of the plague was rapid. Its original home was obvi- 

 ously the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. About 1869 it 

 was strongly established in the Southeast and Southwest of France. 

 The two points of introduction were at Roquemaure and at Floirac, 

 both shipments coming in from Bordeaux. By 1878 practically the 

 whole of France was involved, and Corsica as well. Later Algeria was 

 invaded. 



To independent introduction on American plants was probably due 

 the appearance of the insect in Portugal and in Spain. It was first 

 recognized in Switzerland in 1874, and about the same time it 

 appeared at points in Germany. In Austria and Hungary it was prob- 

 ably introduced from America in 1868. In Italy it was first noticed 

 in 1879. In the Crimea and in Caucasia, the principal regions in Rus- 

 sia for vine culture, it appeared in 1880; and in 1886 it was appar- 

 ently introduced into Bessarabia by the introduction of root stock 

 from Erfurt, Germany. The Danube provinces, Rumania, Moldavia, 

 European and Asiatic Turkey, in the period between 1883 and 1885, 

 were found to have been invaded. 



Australia was found to have introduced the plague as early as 1875. 



Although not native to the country beyond the Rocky Mountains, 

 and although grape growing, and especially the cultivation of the 

 European vine ( Vitis vinifera) , had become a great industry in Cali- 

 fornia, nevertheless, by commerce in root stocks, the Phylloxera was 

 introduced and established in that State apparently some time in the 

 1890's. 



The alarm caused in France by the Phylloxera is difficult to exag- 

 gerate. It had many disastrous effects. Aside from the absolute 

 destruction of the vines as early as 1884 over a territory comprising 

 1,200,000 hectares, a monetary damage which was estimated at 

 7,200,000,000 francs, there must be added the consequent necessary 

 importation of wine and of dried grapes to make wine, which cost 

 France over 2.800,000,000 francs, and the total loss by 1884 '^^^ ten 

 billion francs (two billion dollars). 



