WHOLE VOL. APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY — HOWARD 235 



Eugene Robert, publishing between 1836 and 1847, wrote about 

 silk culture and about insects injurious to the elms and oaks. He 

 also wrote a paper entitled (translated) " Methods Used to Destroy 

 Insects." 



F. E. Guerin-Meneville (1799-1874) wrote very extensively on 

 entomology. He was, in fact, probably the most prolific of the 

 French writers of his period. Horn and Schenkling list 406 papers 

 by him. The character of his papers was extremely varied. He 

 covered a very large field. He wrote many taxonomic papers on 

 Coleoptera, and seems to have been a broad zoologist. In applied 

 zoolog}', he wrote on the vine Pyralis as early as 1837. In 1842 he 

 wrote about the ravages of Elachista coffccUa in the cofifee planta- 

 tions of the Antilles. In view of the recent Florida outbreak of the 

 Mediterranean fruit-fly, it is interesting to note that in 1843 he pub- 

 lished a monograph of the genus Ceratitis. In 1842 he published a 

 note on some insects injurious to wheat, rye, barley, and clover, and 

 in 1844 on an insect that attacks the olive in south France. In 1845 

 he proposed that the Royal and Central Society of Agriculture should 

 found a prize to recompense the farmers who should discover and 

 put into practice the best means for destroying insects injurious to 

 agriculture. Later he wrote short notes on insects afifecting the vine, 

 olive, potato, cereal crops ; also on bark-beetles, insect damage to 

 the sugar beet, the almond, and much about silkworms and their 

 diseases. In 1848 he published an essay on useful and injurious 

 insects (a long article) in the Modern Encyclopaedia. In 1850 he 

 published a list of insects that feed on tobacco. The majority of his 

 papers are short, but he seems to have had insect damage constantly 

 in mind and to have continually brought notes before the Academy 

 of Sciences on injurious insects. His later papers are concerned 

 mainly with silk culture. He took up the question of the use of other 

 species of silkworms, and wrote extensively about them. One of his 

 latest papers was entitled " Insects as Injurious Animals which ought 

 to be Destroyed and as Useful Animals that ought to be Protected 

 and Acclimatized." 



J. Macquart, who died in 1855, published mainly about Dipterous 

 insects, but also a series of papers on the tr^es and shrubs of Europe 

 and their insects and on the herbaceous plants of Europe and their 

 insects. Doctor Boisduval has stated that Macquart introduced in 

 these works certain insects that are found only accidentally on the 

 plants and should not be figured among the injurious species. 



J. J. B. Gehin (1816-1889) wrote mainly on Coleoptera, but pub- 

 lished in 1857 a lengthy series of notes on the history of insects 



