WHOLE VOL. APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY HOWARD 239 



In 1893 there was established at Paris an institution called the 

 Laboratory of Vegetable Parasitology of the Chamber of Commerce. 

 This institution was created in the interests of agriculture, of com- 

 merce in grain and of all the agricultural interests of which the 

 Bourse de Commerce is the center in Paris. Monsieur J. Danysz was 

 appointed as Director, and several bulletins were published. Danysz 

 was a great believer in the use of micro-organisms against injurious 

 insects and other animals, and he perfected a " rat virus " which has 

 been apparently used with some success against field mice and rats, 

 but in entomology he seems to have accomplished little or nothing. 



At this time Professor Brocchi, Professor of Zoology at the Insti- 

 tut Agronomique in Paris, was charged with the founding of a 

 Department of Agricultural Zoology for the purpose of identifying 

 insects sent in for that reason by agriculturists and of pointing 

 out means of destroying insect pests or diminishing their ravages. 

 For some time previously Professor Brocchi had answered questions 

 upon economic entomology referred to him by the Ministry of Agri- 

 culture, and, as notably in the case of Ephestia kuchniella, upon 

 which he pul)lished a report in the Bulletin of the Ministry of Agri- 

 culture for 1888, he made occasionally reports upon various insects. 



The new Department was started in 1894, and it took the shape of 

 the so-called Entomological Station of Paris, housed in and connected 

 with the Agronomical Institute. The now famous entomologist, Dr. 

 Paul Marchal, was the first holder of the directorship of this station. 

 So thoroughly fine has been his career and so brilliant has been the 

 work that he has turned out that I have devoted some pages to him, 

 which will follow this general statement regarding France. 



Considerably later, around this central station at Paris 'were 

 grouped regional stations which were really installed in 191 1 under 

 the Mission for the Study of Cochylis and the Eudemis of the Grape. 

 These stations were later made sub-permanent and extended their 

 action beyond grape insects into the whole field of agricultural ento- 

 mology. At present (1928) after several changes of location and the 

 establishment of new stations, the organization includes, aside from 

 the central station at Paris, regional stations near Bordeaux, near 

 Lyons, at Rouen, at Challete-Montargis, and at Menton. The latter 

 station was transferred at the close of 1928 to Antibes. An important 

 center of silk culture studies has been organized at Alais. An api- 

 cultural station was started near Montpellier where broad entomologi- 

 cal studies had been carried on under the old installation of the 

 Mission for the Study of Cochylis and Eudemis, first by Valery- 

 Mayet already referred to, and later by F. Picard, and still later by 

 T. Lichtenstein. 



