WHOLE VOL. APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY HOWARD 245 



earlier work of Ed. Bugnion of Lausanne who had studied one phase 

 of the development of this Encyrtus hut who had not ohserved the 

 egg dissociation and so missed the polyemhryonic conclusion. This 

 paper of mine was puhlished early in Decemher, iqo2. and at the 

 midwinter meeting of the American Association for the Advance- 

 ment of Science I chanced to overhear a hrief conversation among a 

 group of prominent morphologists in which one of them said, " Have 

 you read Howard's paper in Science? " " Yes," said another, " What 

 a crazy thing ! " 



It did seem like a crazy thing, but what a wonderful story it all is ! 

 Alarchal had found the eggs of a little Tineid moth — Hyponomeuta 

 padcUa — on the leaves of a currant bush in his little garden at Fon- 

 tenay-aux-Roses. He had seen the little black Encyrtus puncturing 

 these eggs with its ovipositor, and, with his admirable laboratory 

 technique, he had followed the subsequent history of the two species. 

 I frankly confess that, had the original observation been made by 

 myself, or by Ashmead, or by Pergande, or any one who had fre- 

 quently reared egg-parasites, the subsequent hatching of the Hypono- 

 meuta larva would have meant to us simply that the parasite &gg had 

 failed not only to develop but had failed to injure the Lepidopterous 

 embryo. It was a combination of scientific curiosity, of remarkable 

 laboratory technique, of imagination, and, I may suggest, of relative 

 un familiarity as to what would naturally be expected under the cir- 

 cumstances, that produced a result which fixed the attention of the 

 biological world on Marchal. I think there can be little doubt that 

 very largely on this work was based his subsequent election to the 

 Academic des Sciences and so of the Institut de France and the 

 various elections to honorary membership in learned societies and 

 other honors that have come to him in number. It's an interesting 

 stor}^ isn't it? 



I had the pleasure of visiting Ed. Bugnion at Aix-en-Provence in 

 1923. It was a delightful visit, and in the course of our talk I 

 referred to his early work with these same creatures, in which he 

 just failed of the discovery which had meant so much to Marchal's 

 glory. He shrugged his shoulders and said that he was not in the 

 least jealous of Marchal, but that it was undoubtedly a combination 

 of circumstances that prevented him from following through. His 

 lectures in the University of Lausanne began at a time when he had 

 to drop his investigations for many months. Before he resumed them 

 Marchal's paper had been published. 



Notwithstanding the fact that this extraordinary discovery of poly- 

 embryony in a Chalcidoid parasite brought Marchal at once promi- 



