WHOLE VOL. APPLIED ENTOMOLOGV HOWARD 249 



promote the artificial development of some species of carnivorous 

 insects which could be used efficaciously to destroy another species 

 of insect recognized as injurious to agriculture. Villa advocated the 

 employment of climbing Carabid beetles for tree-inhabiting injurious 

 forms, of rove beetles to destroy the insects found in flowers, and 

 ground-beetles for cutworms and other earth-inhabiting forms. Ac- 

 cording to Silvestri, this paper by Villa was praised in certain reviews 

 and criticised in others. It has been entirely lost sight of in later 

 years. 



A very ambitious and apparently important work which has been 

 overlooked by entomologists in general is the entomological por- 

 tion of a great work entitled " The Science and Practice of Agri- 

 culture," started under the editorship of Dr. P. Palmeri and Prof. 

 Marcello Pepe in Naples in 1889. A part of this great work entitled 

 " The Injurious Insects of Our Gardens, Fields, Orchards, and 

 Woods ; Their Lives and the Methods of Fighting Them " was begun 

 by Prof. Agostino Lunardoni. 



The first volume was published in Naples in 1889 and is a large, 

 rather sparsely illustrated volume of 569 pages. The second volume, 

 published in 1894, is Part 2'^ of the nth volume of the main work, 

 under the same authorship. The first volume covered the Coleop- 

 tera, and the second the Lepidoptera. Again the illustrations are 

 rather scanty and the volume with index covers 287 pages. 



Circumstances that he was unable to control forced Doctor Lunar- 

 doni to discontinue the work, and it was taken up by Dr. Gustavo 

 Leonardi, assistant in the Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology in 

 the Superior School of Agriculture at Portici ; and the third volume. 

 539 pages, was published in 1900. It covers the Hymenoptera and 

 Diptera (including the fleas). The fourth volume, also by Doctor 

 Leonardi, was published in 1901, covers 862 pages and completes 

 the work. 



As a whole the work is a very admirable one. It covers the whole 

 field in a competent way. and is more extensive than any similar work 

 published in any other country at that time. 



There were five earlier Italian writers who should be mentioned. 

 O. G. Costa ( 1787-1867) wrote on various entomological topics, and 

 among others he published the results of his studies of insects injuri- 

 ous to the olive. 



Michael F. Buniva published between 1793 and 1809 six entomo- 

 logical papers of a distinctly economic character. One was entitled 

 (translated) " Dissertation on the Insects that Damage the Wheat 

 Harvest." His largest paper, published in 1809, was a pamphlet of 

 17 



