250 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL.84 



78 pages entitled (translated) " Memoir on Most of the More Strik- 

 ing Insects that Attack the Plants from which Men Gain Their Nour- 

 ishment in Piedmont." 



P. Ricci, in 1810, published a study of the more injurious insects 

 in the Department of Metauro. 



Bernardino Angelini, in the " Bibliotheca Italiana " for 1827, pub- 

 lished a paper entitled (translated) " Concerning the Damage Caused 

 Principally by Noctiia gamma in 1826 in the Veronese Province." 



One of the most learned of the Italian entomologists, Achille 

 Costa (1828-1899), published many papers, of which a number were 

 economic. One of them was an especially fine treatise on the insects 

 that attack olive trees and their fruit. This covered 197 pages. 



A very good Sicilian economic entomologist, Francisco Mina- 

 Palumbo, began to publish in 1852. He wrote mainly on the insects 

 of the olive and of the vine. 



It is worthy of note also that Count P. Bargagli, a well known 

 Italian entomologist, published one paper that may be considered 

 economic, in which he takes up the control of injurious insects by 

 artificially produced disease, following the suggestions made by H. A. 

 Hagen of the United States in 1879. Bargagli's paper was printed 

 in the Italian Journal of Agriculture in 1880. 



Writing in 1894, I made the statement that " The work which has 

 been done by the Italian government in the encouragement of eco- 

 nomic entomology perhaps surpasses that of any other European 

 nation." In fact, one of the great leaders of the movement which was 

 to establish economic entomology on a firm basis in Europe was 

 .A,dolfo Targioni-Tozzetti, who lived and did most of his valuable 

 work in I'lorence. lie came from a scientific family, and began to 

 publish as early as 1843. He was a well trained man, and one of his 

 early papers treated of the egg and the embryology of the Cicadas, 

 but his other papers for many years were concerned very largely with 

 botanical matters. After 1866, entomological papers from his hand 

 became more numerous, but with them were also published papers on 

 other animals and upon botany. 



He probably came distinctly into entomology, and especially eco- 

 nomic entomology, in 1870 when the Phylloxera was threatening the 

 destruction of the Italian vineyards. In 1872 his attention was di- 

 rected to the Coccidae, and from that time to his death in 1902 he 

 published many papers on this important group. His studies of the 

 scale insects, in fact, were going on contemporaneously with those of 

 the French master, Signoret. 



