WHOLE VOL. APrLIED ENTOMOLOGY HOWARD 259 



shows that down to the end of the year 191 1 no less than 584 Itahan 

 writers had pubhshed on some aspect of the injurious insect question. 

 And then too, many unsigned articles are listed, as well as articles 

 published in Italy under the authorship of a few men of other nation- 

 alities. My own name, for example, occurs twice in the list. 



We have previously referred to Doctor Leonardi in connection 

 with the completion of Prof. A. Lunardoni's great work, and he was 

 really a learned, useful and important man. 



Antonio Berlese died in 1927, after a life of most arduous and 

 important work. He was one of the greatest of the European eco- 

 nomic entomologists. Dr. G. del Guercio, early associated with him 

 in Florence when they assisted Targioni-Tozzetti, and afterwards 

 Berlese's principal assistant when he returned to take Targioni's place, 

 is now acting in charge. Doctor del Guercio has, therefore, had a 

 very long experience. He has been a prolific writer, and an investi- 

 gator of very high rank. 



GERMANY 



It seems safe to say that for very many years the German-speaking 

 countries considered it worth while to pay especial attention to only 

 one branch of applied entomology, and this came from the needs of 

 forestry. Forest culture in Europe, of course, is very old, very 

 important, and much advanced in comparison with America for 

 example. Here it is a recent development, and forest entomology has 

 only in comparatively recent years been considered as an important 

 study. German entomologists early assumed the leadership in this 

 direction, and made careful studies of forest insects as early as the 

 close of the eighteenth century. 



The best and most comprehensive work on the subject, however, 

 was prepared by J. T. C. Ratzeburg, who was born in Berlin in 1801. 

 His father was a professor of botany, and he studied botany in his 

 early days. Afterwards he studied medicine and was admitted to 

 practice. When, however, the Forest Academy was started at Ebers- 

 walde (near Berlin) in 1831, he became attached to the stafif and 

 devoted himself for the rest of his life to forest entomology. He 

 died in 1871. He had already done some entomological work before 

 his connection with the new Forest Academy, and in 1837 published 

 the first edition of Volume i of his great work on forest insects, 

 which included a consideration of Coleoptera. The second edition of 

 this volume appeared in 1839; and Volumes 2 and 3 followed in 1840 

 and 1844 respectively. Each of these volumes was accompanied by a 

 large number of carefully prepared and beautifully executed plates, 



