260 SMITHSONIAN MISCFXLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL.84 



some of them in colors. The work as a whole was a magnificent con- 

 tribution to science and to forestry. In 1844 to 1852 there were pub- 

 lished, as additions to this great work, three volumes entitled " Die 

 Tchneumonen der Forstinsecten," an elalx)rate and very careful work 

 which has been very useful and scientifically very important. Both 

 works were basic and have become classic. 



The principal works which followed Ratzeburg's were EichofT's 

 "European Bark-Beetles" in 1881, Bernard Altum's "Forest Zool- 

 ogy " published in Berlin in 1881, and a great two-volume work by 

 J. F. Judeich and H. Nitsche entitled " Manual of Central European 

 Forest Zoology." This last work remained a standard for many years. 

 In 191 4, K. Escherich published in Berlin a revision of the last- 

 named work. This was a true revision, including much new matter 

 and using additional illustrations. Just before this, Otto Niislin pub- 

 lished, also in Berlin, a volume on forest entomology which seems to 

 have been very well done. 



Doctor Judeich was the Director of the Forest Academy at 

 Tharandt near Dresden, and Doctor Nitsche was Professor of Zool- 

 ogy in the same institution. Doctor Altum was Professor of Forest 

 Zoology at Eberswalde, and was therefore a successor of Ratzeburg. 

 Through his care and that of Doctor Eckstein, his successor, the origi- 

 nal Ratzeburg collection still remains at Eberswalde in excellent condi- 

 tion, where it may be studied by specialists in forest entomology. 

 Eichhoff was Royal Head Forester at Mulhausen, Alsace ; and Doctor 

 Escherich was a successor of Doctor Nitsche at Tharandt, but is now 

 the Director of the Institute for Applied Entomology at Munich. 



Germany has had very many great entomologists. Their writings 

 have been consulted by the entomologists of all other countries. Ger- 

 many's standing in most branches of scientific endeavor was fully 

 sustained by her entomologists, but, aside from this one branch ot 

 forest entomology, economic entomology received little attention until 

 comparatively recently. The necessity for work of this kind in cen- 

 tral Europe was not obvious. In the summer of 1893 or 1894, the 

 chief of the Agricultural Section of the Ministry of Agriculture of 

 Prussia, in conversation with the writer, argued that Germany did 

 not need to employ general economic entomologists and that its experi- 

 ment stations seldom received applications for advice on entomologi- 

 cal tojiics. When an especial insect like the Phylloxera s])rang into 

 l)rominence, the work could be handled by special commissions. 



There were, however, very many i)apers and several books pub- 

 lished in the German-speaking countries prior even to 1862 (the date 

 of the publication of Ilagen's " Bibliotheca Entomologica "). Among 



