VVliOLK VOL. APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY HOWARD 261 



the books, there was, for example, a vohime by P. F. Bouche on the 

 " Natural History of Useful and Injurious Garden Insects," which 

 was published at Berlin in 1833. This was a volume of 216 pages 

 with a number of steel-engraved plates. It was a good book, but was 

 not comprehensive enough for farmers, and it also included forest 

 insects although these are not mentioned in the title. 



In the same year (1833) another book was published that deserves 

 mention. It is entitled (translated) " The Lives and Development of 

 Some Insects Injurious to Agriculture," by Ferd. Jos. Schmidt. 



In 1836, J. C. Zenker's " Natural History of Injurious Animals " 

 was published at Leipsic. It was a well planned work, but practically 

 incomprehensible to the non-entomologist. 



In 1844 appeared a comprehensive work by C. A. Loew bearing the 

 title " Natiu'al History of All Insects Injurious to Agriculture." This 

 was a painstaking compilation, but, as Nordlinger says in the intro- 

 duction to his book published 11 years later, it could " not be recom- 

 mended to farmers, inasmuch as the entire subject has been treated by 

 the author without criticism of the many remedies cited for insect 

 control. For this reason, he who would care to take the author's advice 

 will waste much energy and money." 



A later book deserves rather careful consideration. It is (trans- 

 lated) " The Small Enemies of Agriculture," etc., and is a volume 

 of 636 octavo pages, published in Stuttgart in 1855. Its author was 

 Hermann Nordlinger, born in 18 18. This volume seems to be rare 

 nowadays, and, although I have been trying for a number of years 

 to find a copy to purchase. I know of but one example in this country 

 and that is in the Hagen Library of the Museum of Comparative 

 Zoology in Cambridge. Massachusetts. It is a very well printed book, 

 not apparently well known to American or English students, through 

 the fact that it has never been translated into English as was Kollar's 

 earlier book. It has a very distinct historical value through its analy- 

 sis of the earlier literature, and is an easy book to use since it has a 

 good list of the literature consulted, an admirable table of contents, 

 very full indices, and tables classifying and referring to the species 

 in accordance with the classes of damage. The method of treatment 

 is on the lines of zoological classification, some preliminary pages 

 being given to mollusks, true worms, Acarids, and Myriapods. The 

 treatment of the insects occupies the bulk of the book (from page 31 

 to page 597, inclusive). A long list of insects is considered, and very 

 many species are illustrated by fairly good woodcuts. 



Apparently it is a full and competent consideration of practically 

 all the injurious insects of Central Europe, with very up-to-date 



