280 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 84 



Studies on the life histories of injurious insects, she has investigated 

 the effect of the insect on the host plant, the influence of various ex- 

 ternal conditions such as climate and soil, the degree and duration of 

 the attack, the influence of different methods of cultivation on the 

 resistance of the plants, and finally the direct technical control. 



In 1927 she; retired from her official position and was succeeded by 

 Prosper Bovien who is now studying the nematodes of cultivated 

 plants. 



Dr. Thomsen, in the Veterinary and Agricultural College, and Pro- 

 fessor Damien, in the Institute of Phytopathology, have the future 

 of Economic Entomology in Denmark largely in their hands at pres- 

 ent. If they are allowed to direct and control the character of this 

 work we may expect excellent results. 



HOLLAND 



Holland, through its early and extraordinary commerce, came in 

 contact with all the then known faunas and floras of the world, and 

 from the earliest times its navigators brought home all sorts of 

 strange specimens in natural history. It results naturally, therefore, 

 that there were early writers on insects in that country. The famous 

 names of Goedart, Swammerdam, van Leeuwenhoek, and Lyonet 

 are Dutch, as are those of Cramer, Sepp, and very many of the later 

 writers of note. An admirable review of Dutch entomology was given 

 by Dr. J. B. Caporal at the Fourth International Congress of Ento- 

 mology in August, 1928, and has been published in the proceedings 

 of that Congress. 



It was not, however, until J. Ritzema Bos came on the scene that 

 economic entomology began its development in that country. In 1895 

 he was drawn from his position as Instructor in Zoology at the Gov- 

 ernment Agricultural School at Wageningen and was made director 

 of a phytopathological laboratory in Amsterdam which had been 

 founded by the horticulturists. At the same time he was made Pro- 

 fessor of Plant Diseases at the University of Amsterdam. In 1899 a 

 Government phytopathological service was established for Holland, 

 largely through Ritzema Bos' efforts, and he was made its head. In 

 1906 an Institute for Phytopathology was formed in the Royal Uni- 

 versity for Agriculture, Horticulture, and Forestry at Wageningen, 

 and Ritzema Bos was made its Director. This Institute was replaced 

 by the Agricultural College in 1918. While not distinctively an ento- 

 mologist, but rather an agricultural zoologist, he had charge of the 

 economic work for the State in entomology, and also taught this 



