WHOLE VOL. APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY HOWARD 295 



As with nearly all publications, the new processes of illustration 

 have decreased the cost and therefore increased the number of illus- 

 trations, and the reports appear to be full and sound and to contain 

 many important articles. 



A special report on insects injurious to forests was published 

 each year from 1915 until 1922, and the present plan is to publish a 

 collective report on this subject each fifth year. Since 1904, W. M. 

 Schoyen and T. H. Schoyen have given lectures in economic ento- 

 mology in the Agricultural College at Aas, and since 1924 the younger 

 Schoyen has lectured on plant pathology in the winter Agricultural 

 College in Oslo. 



Both of the Schoyens have written a number of shorter papers deal- 

 ing with practical entomology, published in various scientific and 

 popular journals, and the father wrote a manual on zoology for the 

 agricultural colleges which has been very generally used. 



RUSSIA 



An active entomological society was organized in St. Petersburg 

 in the old days, whose publications date back to 1861. This society is 

 still in existence. Since that date and earlier there have been many 

 good entomologists in Russia, and the collections that accumulated 

 in the great museum in the old St. Petersburg were very large and 

 very fine. There were also large collections in Moscow and at other 

 places. 



Economic entomology, however, had no official standing until much 

 later. In 1881-83 three volumes on injurious insects by Theodore 

 Koppen were published. They were rather sparsely illustrated, but 

 were apparently works of value. They were published entirely in the 

 Russian language, and therefore have not become well known to the 

 rest of the world. I have seen them referred to appreciatively in 

 German publications, and Cholodkovsky spoke well of them. The 

 information about Russian economic entomology which I gave in 

 1894 in my address, " The Rise and Present Condition of Official 

 Economic Entomology" (Insect Life, Vol. 7, pp. 55-107), was 

 gathered from correspondence with this same Dr. Nicholas Cholod- 

 kovsky. Down to that time there had been no definite official ento- 

 mologists. Competent scientific men and specialists had been re- 

 quested to prepare pul)lications on injurious insects, and where these 

 individuals desired pecuniary aid to enable them to publish indepen- 

 dent investigations funds were granted by the Government. Kop- 

 pen's work just mentioned was an instance of this. 



The Ministry of Public Lands from time to time had sent out com- 

 petent specialists to conduct investigations at different points. These 



