296 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 84 



investigations were partly at the expense of the general government 

 and partly at the expense of the authorities of certain sections and 

 at the request of the governors of provinces and scientific and agri- 

 cultural societies. These reports were published and distributed to 

 all interested. A very considerable amount of work of this kind had 

 been done before 1894, and many important reports had been pub- 

 lished. The Russian investigators who had been used in this way 

 were notably Lindeman. Porchinsky, Tarochewsky, Metschnikoff, 

 Cholodkovsky, Schewyrow, and Koppen. 



The Ministry of Public Lands also in very important cases called 

 conferences and established temporary commissions. Three Phyl- 

 loxera commissions and experiment stations were established in this 

 way — one in the Caucasus, another in the Crimea, and a third at 

 Odessa. In addition to these, a corps of so-called " Correspondents 

 on Entomological Questions " was formed by the Ministry ; and to 

 these men, who were for the most part members of the Russian Ento- 

 mological Society living in different parts of the empire, were referred 

 all corresponding farmers and local agricultural societies who were 

 seeking advice as to the best means of fighting injurious insects. Then 

 too, in 1878, the " Odessa Entomological Commission " was founded. 

 A regular entomologist was employed with funds raised by the ad- 

 joining provinces. 



One of the members of the board of correspondents referred to 

 was Dr. K. Lindeman, whose writings became well known to Ameri- 

 can and English investigators, since many of his papers were pub- 

 lished in the German language. 



When I first visited Russia, in 1907, I found that a very good 

 organization for official entomology had been established. Stations 

 were founded in different parts of the country, with official ento- 

 mologists, all of whom reported directly to Prof. J. Porchinsky of 

 the Ministry of Agriculture whose headquarters were in St. Peters- 

 burg. During that year I visited three of these stations — one at 

 Kiev, under the charge of Prof. Waldemar Pospelov; one in Bes- 

 sarabia at Kischineff, under the charge of Prof. Isaak Krassilstschik, 

 and one at Simferopol in the Crimea, under the charge of Prof. Sigis- 

 mond Mokrzecki. Among the other stations, there was a notable one 

 at Poltava. In addition, there was at St. Petersburg, under Profes- 

 sor Cholodkovsky, a department relating largely to forest zoology. 

 At that time Cholodkovsky was assisted by A. Ssilantjew and 

 P. Spessiwzew. 



At Kiev, Pospelov impressed me strongly by his intelligence and 

 efficiency. He readily undertook the task of collecting and studying 



