WHOLE VOL. APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY HOWARD 299 



headings and chapter subdivisions, but often met with very interesting 

 information scattered through the pages. The consideration of the 

 group of insects is in systematic order, and the final chapter is 

 entitled " Cultural Methods of Combating Injurious Insects." This 

 is a very significant title and one that I have not seen in general works 

 on economic entomology in other languages. In this chapter occur 

 the following subheads : Entomological Stations ; Crop Rotation and 

 Soil Cultivation ; Other Cultural Methods ; Importance of Birds in 

 Insect Destruction ; Fungus and Bacterial Diseases of Insects. In the 

 body of the work there is a discussion of parasites, including an 

 account of the work of Shevirev and Porchinsky and of the later 

 work of Kurdiumov. The large report on the parasites of the gipsy 

 moth, by Howard and Fiske, was also known to him, and is quoted. 

 Roerig, " On the Efficiency of Pest Control by Parasites," is also 

 quoted. I am not familiar with this work of Roerig. Kulagin is still 

 living, I believe (June, 1929), and is still at Petrofsky. Like Pospelov, 

 he has stayed in Russia through the revolution, and is still working, 

 under the Soviet Government. Pospelov visited the United States for 

 the Soviet Government in 1923. 



The big book by Kulagin just referred to was anticipated in 1894 

 1)y a book by K. L. Bramson, published in the Russian language. 

 Its title, translated, was " Injurious Insects and the Means of Fighting 

 Them (Practical Entomology)". I am unable to give the gist of this 

 book, but its 12 plates were excellent. It was published in two parts, 

 the first part covering 250-odd pages, and the second part 360 pages. 



In T909, N. Kurdiumov, a graduate student of Pospelov's, came to 

 the United States to see how we were handling entomological questions 

 and especially to study with us the matter of natural control, largely 

 in its parasitic Hymenoptera aspect. He was a very brilliant and 

 likeable young man. and visited the various field laboratories of the 

 Bureau, remaining in this country for a number of months and 

 studying all aspects of economic entomology, especially perhaps the 

 matter of natural control. He was especially interested in the gipsy 

 moth laboratory in Massachusetts and in the cotton boll weevil labora- 

 tory which at that time was in Dallas, Texas. When he returned to 

 Russia he introduced many American methods, and, from his ability 

 and charming personality, exerted a great influence. He immediately 

 established a modern and up-to-date entomological station and labora- 

 tory at the Poltava Agricultural Experiment Station in southern 

 Russia, a place well known to the scientific men of the world on 

 account of its connection with the early work of Metschnikofif. This 

 station immediately attracted attention and was visited by Russian 



