300 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 84 



provincial entomologists who adopted many o{ Konrdiiimov's ideas 

 and introduced his fundamentally American methods in their respec- 

 tive provinces. 



One of the most prominent entomologists in Russia in the days 

 before the great war was Prof. Nikolas Cholodkovsky, a man of very 

 high standing and of general culture. He was not only a man of 

 great scientific education, who among other things published many 

 papers relating to economic entomology and especially to forest ento- 

 mology, but he was a poet and a man of letters. Cholodkovsky was 

 born in 1858; graduated in medicine, and in 1885 was appointed 

 Lecturer in Zoology in the Institute of Forestry. In 1892 he was 

 given the doctor's degree in zoology, and became full Professor of 

 Zoology in the Military Academy of Medicine, filling this place until 

 his death in April, 1921. He published very many entomological 

 papers and also wrote extensively on parasitic worms. He also did 

 extremely fine work upon the Aphididae and the Chermesidae. He 

 published text-books on zoology, comparative anatomy, and pure and 

 applied entomology. He devoted much time to literature, and was 

 known in Russia as the best translator of Goethe's Faust. He also 

 translated poems of Byron, Milton, and Shakespeare into Russian 

 verse. He also wrote many original poems which remained unpub- 

 lished during his lifetime but were afterwards collected and printed 

 under the title, " From the Herbarium of my Daughter." After the 

 revolution he found his way into Esthonia and appealed to me to find 

 him a place in the United States. I succeeded in enlisting the sym- 

 pathies of certain wealthy men in this country, and Mr. Charles R. 

 Crane promised to get him a post at the Marine Biological Laboratory 

 at Woods Hole, and tO' advance the money to bring him over. The 

 funds, unfortunately, reached the United States Consul over there 

 just at the time of Cholodkovsky's death. 



To return to Kurdiumov: After his return to Russia he became 

 acquainted with Mamentov, head of one of the divisions of the 

 Russian Department of Agriculture at St. Petersburg, who brought 

 about the financing of the introduction of many American methods 

 into Russian practice. This fortunate contact between a capable 

 administrator and an entomologist of advanced ideas finally led to 

 the establishment, not only of entomological work at the experiment 

 stations, but also of a network of entomological bureaus headed by 

 provincial entomologists. 



These bureaus were under the double control and support of pro- 

 vincial or local Zcmstvo Governments and the central Government at 

 St. Petersburg. This plan of dual control was established in 191 2. 



