302 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL.84 



Some admirable workers were carrying on investigations just 

 before the outbreak of the World War. It is most interesting to note 

 that A, F. Radetezky and N. N. Troitsky in Taslikent, Turkestan, 

 started to work in 1913 with the egg-parasites of the genus Tricho- 

 grainma and that Radetezky began to use the species known as Tricho- 

 gramnm semhlidis Auriv. (considered by Girault to be quite possibly 

 identical with T. minntum of the United States) against the codling 

 moth. He showed, in an article published that year, that the species 

 had been known since 1903 in Astrakhan and that J. F. Schreiner 

 had observed that from 65 to 100 per cent of the eggs of the codling 

 moth were destroyed by it. He ascertained the polyphagia habits of 

 the species, and showed that the supply can easily be kept up for use 

 against the codling moth. Pospelov, of Kiev, had taken up this 

 matter ; and, in an article published a little earlier, Porchinsky had 

 shown how, by the use of difl'erent hosts, the supply of parasites 

 could be maintained. These records are of great interest in consider- 

 ing the much later work of Flanders in California, Hinds in Louisiana, 

 and others, in the breeding of this parasite on almost a commercial 

 scale. 



There were noticed in the Review of Applied Entomology for 191 3, 

 the year immediately preceding the opening of the World War, a 

 number of Russian publications that seem to have been very well 

 worth while. For example, there are several by I. K. Paczoski pub- 

 lished by the Zemstvo of Cherson in the form of popular pamphlets 

 describing the insects injurious to various crops together with a 

 consideration of remedies. N. L. Sacharov published at Astrakhan 

 reports on the insects affecting fruits, market gardening and field 

 crops; while V. Pospelov (previously mentioned) issued several 

 important reports. B. P. Uvarov, since connected for many years 

 with the Imperial Bureau of Entomology in London, was then 

 working at Stavropol, and published reports principally dealing with 

 locusts. D. N. Borodin, working at Poltava, was also doing excellent 

 work. E. V. Jatzenkovskij, at St. Petersburg, wrote variously on 

 injurious insects and notably " On the Functions of Entomological 

 Stations." 



One of the notable publications of this period was by Porchinsky 

 who wrote in the Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture of the 

 Central Board of Land Administration and Agriculture, St. Peters- 

 burg, in 1913, "A Review of the Spread of the Chief Injurious 

 Animals in Russia during 191 2." In this article he showed that the 

 Department of Agriculture had published during 191 2 six works on 



