WHOLE VOL. APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY — HOWARD 309 



during very recent years dififerent lines of entomology were investi- 

 gated by L. Bramanis, O. Conde, and O. John. These men have done 

 very good work, making faunistic and biological studies upon a num- 

 ber of groups of insects and also upon all of the important insect 

 pests. 



Information on the control of injurious insects is put out to the 

 public by demonstrations, lectures, and publication of pamphlets on 

 the more important pests (35 of these have been issued). Also the 

 radio is used for quick communication widely among the population ; 

 and the daily press is also called upon for propaganda work. The 

 gardeners and the minor farmers readily adopt the suggestions of 

 the Station. 



The Institute is incorporated with the Central Agricultural Society 

 and extends its function to the whole country. It is subsidized both 

 by the Society and by the State. 



There has been legislation with regard to trade with live plants 

 and their parts and also in the control of potatoes. 



The chair of applied entomology in the agricultural faculty of 

 the University of Latvia is held by L. Gailits, who is Government 

 Entomologist to the Department of Forestry of the Ministry of 

 Agriculture. 



The principal insect pests are largely those of surrounding countries. 

 It is interesting to note that in 1929, after an interval of 36 years, 

 there was a serious outbreak of the Hessian fly which caused an 

 approximate loss of a million dollars. 



In 1929 Doctor Ozols published a long article on an outbreak of 

 GaJcrucclla tcncUa on strawberry. 



CZECHOSLOVAKIA 



Of the different countries comprising the old political organization 

 known as Austria-Hungary, the people of Bohemia, now included in 

 Czechoslovakia, were among the first to realize the importance of 

 economic entomology. I knew of the reports written between 1850 

 and 1870 by Dr. Franz A. Nickerl, a member of the Patriotic- 

 Exonomic Society of the Kingdom of Bohemia, an organization 

 which fostered the affairs of agricultural and general social economy ; 

 and I also knew the work of his son, Dr. Ottokar Nickerl, who took 

 up the work after his father's death in 187 1 and published a series of 

 short articles on injurious insects. This son later became Principal of 

 the Seed Control Station of the Agricultural Council for the Kingdom 

 of Bohemia, and published an annual report on the principal insects 



