WHOLE VOL. APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY — HOWARD 313 



about 150 pages, illustrated by 35 half-tones. It has the appearance 

 of being competent and complimentary ; but, unfortunately, I cannot 

 read it. 



POLAND 



A number of good workers in entomology have been of Polish 

 origin, for the most part resident, however, in other countries. We 

 can treat of Poland as a separate entity practically only since the 

 World War, although as a matter of fact the development of eco- 

 nomic entomology in that country began as early as 1904 with the 

 founding by the Horticultural Society of Warsaw of a station for 

 plant protection. However, it was not until 191 2 that this station 

 was able to get means and support from the Government and from 

 agricultural circles so that real work could be begun. Little ento- 

 mology was considered at this station, which devoted itself to plant 

 diseases. An agricultural station was established in Cracow, and 

 this station also was given a department of plant protection. The 

 outbreak of the World War, however, in 1914, stopped work in both 

 places. 



At the conclusion of the war the present Polish Government was 

 established, with its Ministry of Agriculture among others, and 

 under this Ministry a Scientific Institute of Agriculture was estab- 

 lished in Pulawy. Under this Institute there were several depart- 

 ments, and phytopathology and economic entomology were given 

 independent rank, and field experiments were begun. 



Since 1918, research and educational work in connection with agri- 

 culture has been much expanded. Plant protection stations connected 

 with the Institute at Pulawy were established in Bydgoszcz for west- 

 ern Poland, and in Lwow for the southern districts. Entomological 

 and phytopathological laboratories were also established at the uni- 

 versities and at special schools. Among these should be especially 

 noted the Entomological Institute of the Mean School of Agricul- 

 ture in Skierniewice (near Warsaw), in the Institute of Agricultural 

 Zoology at the University in Poznan, in the Zoological and Botani- 

 cal Institute at the University in Wilno (northeastern district). At 

 the latter place work has been begun which will result in a special 

 station adapted to the conditions of cereal and fruit growing in that 

 part of Poland. Moreover, the Zoological Laboratory of the Free 

 University of Poland in Warsaw is used for some parasitic work in 

 plant protection, chiefly in forestry. 



Following great damage to grain crops in 1925 to 1927 by the Hes- 

 sian fly, the frit fly and its relatives, private societies such as cham- 

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