324 SMITPISONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL.84 



over most internal affairs, and therefore makes it necessary to treat 

 it as a unit from the beginning of the development of applied ento- 

 mology ; and, of course, since the World War it has been an indepen- 

 dent republic. 



Work in economic entomology began in 1898. In that year there 

 were founded in the University of Helsinki a faculty section of agri- 

 culture and an agricultural experiment station vi^hich included an 

 entomological section. At first this section worked in the quarters of 

 the Agricultural Department of the University, but in 1910 it was 

 established in its own quarters about 10 miles from Helsinki. The 

 Agricultural College had an associate-professorship of entomology 

 which was occupied by Dr. Enzio R. Reuter. He was promoted to 

 ordinary professor in 1901 and held the office until 1913 when he 

 became Professor of Theoretic Zoology and was succeeded in his 

 former chair by Dr. Walter M. Linnaniemi. In 192 1 the latter was 

 succeeded by Dr. Uunio Saalas, who had previously been a special 

 lecturer on forest entomology at the University of Helsinki. 



In 1924 the Agricultural Experiment Station was separated from 

 the University and became an independent institution with a special 

 section for the investigation of injurious insects, with a Director 

 (Doctor Saalas), an assistant (Mr. Y. Hukkinen) and two special 

 assistants (Messrs. N. Vappula and J. Listo). The facilities for work 

 are good. Temporary field laboratories are established from time to 

 time in the centers of insect outbreaks. A system of information 

 exists which in certain years has 700 to 800 reporters. 



From 1894 to 191 6 yearly reports were issued in both the Finnish 

 and Swedish languages. This series was interrupted by conditions 

 brought about by the war, but I am informed by Doctor Saalas that 

 Professor Linnaniemi has prepared a resume of the insect damage 

 from 191 7 to 1923 which will soon be published. 



In 1925 a plant-protection law was passed; and in 1928 the Council 

 of Ministers alteted the old laws against poisons so that at present 

 the arsenical poisons, nicotine, the cyanide compounds, and so on may 

 be used for agricultural and garden cultivation purposes. 



SWITZERLAND 



The Third International Congress of Entomology was held in 

 Zurich, Switzerland, July 19-25, 1925. The President of the Congress, 

 Dr. A. von Schulthess, in his opening address gave a brief summary 

 of the famous Swiss entomologists of the past from the time of 

 Sulzer (1761) down to the present. Among the more important of 

 the older names were J. P. Fuessly, R. Schellenberg, Bremi, Escher- 



