WHOLE VOL. APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY HOWARD 327 



Schneider-Orelli entitled (translated) "Applied Entomology in Swit- 

 zerland." He pointed out that the geological formation of the Swiss 

 soil, of which about one-fourth is unproductive agriculturally, and 

 the extraordinary climatic differences in the different sections afford 

 remarkable faunal and biological problems. He showed that there is 

 no opportunity in Switzerland for control measures on a large scale 

 as in other countries. He referred to a paper published in 1833 by a 

 Swiss physician, Dr. J. J. Hegetschweiler of Zurich, on the biology 

 and control of the most important insects injurious to fruit trees. 

 The omission of the woolly aphis in this paper indicates that the insect 

 had not at that time reached Switzerland. A paper published by 

 C. Bugnion and collaborators in 1841 on insects affecting grapes in 

 the canton Waadt is also referred to, as well as the work of Oswald 

 Heer on the May beetle. In 1859, Professor Schneider-Orelli states, 

 the question was discussed among Swiss entomologists as to the 

 advisability of paying more attention to the control of injurious in- 

 sects, and the idea of publishing a book on injurious insects was also 

 discussed. It was decided, however, that the practical application of 

 entomology would always remain of secondary value. Then came 

 the Phylloxera in the 1870's ; and the names of Fatio, Muhlberg, 

 Keller, and Goeldi are mentioned in this connection. After this, more 

 and more attention was paid to injurious insects, and the publication 

 in 1913 of Escherich's book on applied entomology in the United 

 States had an influential effect on Switzerland. Doctor Schneider- 

 Orelli refers to five governmental institutions in Switzerland work- 

 ing mainly in applied entomology. 



The author of the summary just cited is not only a strong and suc- 

 cessful teacher but also a writer of parts. A number of the important 

 articles reviewed in the Review of Applied Entomology of recent 

 years have been from his pen. He informs me in a recent letter that 

 since the publication of his paper on the status of applied entomology 

 in Switzerland in 1926 very appreciable progress has been made in 

 that country. Forest entomology has become an obligatory subject of 

 examination for forest engineers, and in the same way agricultural 

 entomology is a required subject for all so-called agricultural engi- 

 neers. Professor Schneider-Orelli also gives me the interesting news 

 that the first student from the United States to pursue entomological 

 studies in Switzerland will work in his laboratory the coming year. 



SPAIN 



A long paper entitled (translated) " Notes Concerning the History 

 of Entomology in Spain " was presented by Senor D. Jose Maria 



