328 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 84 



Dusmet y Alonso at the May, 191 7, Congress of the Spanish Associa- 

 tion for the Advancement of Science at Seville. This paper was pub- 

 lished in full, and covers 74 pages. It divides its considerations into 

 epochs. The first epoch is the period before 1776; the second one, 

 from 1776 to 1 87 1, and the third the period since 1871. The sub- 

 ject is, of course, treated in detail, and the facts concerning the 

 museums and the publications are given, and also the names of the 

 writers on Spanish insects, not only the Spanish writers but also 

 those of other countries. The paper is of especial interest since it 

 gives biographical data concerning many of the diflferent writers, and, 

 from the work as a whole, it is perfectly obvious that the insects of 

 Spain are well known and that many first rate men have worked with 

 them ; moreover that Spain herself has developed some admirable 

 entomologists. Of course, much of this was well known to the ento- 

 mological world, and all recent entomologists know the work of the 

 elder Bolivar and of Father Navas and a number of others. 



This paper by Dr. Dusmet y Alonso was reprinted in part in the 

 (translated) Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Spain, Volume 

 2, No. 3, pp. 74-84, March, 1919; No. 4-5, pp. 87-98, April-May, 

 1919; No. 7-8, pp. 161-195, October-November, 1919. 



The injurious insects of Spain have been, in the main, those of 

 the south of France and of Italy, and the old-time remedies were 

 known in this country quite as well as they were in the others. There 

 seemed no reason why active investigations of economic entomology 

 should be taken up in that country ; all the more so since any results 

 obtained in the other Mediterranean countries could be readily adopted 

 there. Thus, while, as we have shown, Spain has developed a number 

 of very excellent entomologists, as a country she entered the field of 

 economic entomology at a comparatively recent date. 



In 1893 a very large book was published entitled " Insectos y 

 Criptogamas que Invaden los Cultivos en Espana." It was written 

 by D. Castildo Ascarate y Fernandez, Agricultural Engineer, and is 

 divided into two parts. The first part, that treats of insects only, covers 

 336 pages ; and the fungus diseases added to this make the entire 

 book to cover 780 pages. It is the largest size octavo, and is illus- 

 trated fairly abundantly, jthe illustrations for the most part appar- 

 ently being drawn from other works. The more conspicuous of the 

 injurious insects of Spain are considered, and the work was fairly 

 well up-to-date for that period. The early portions treat of the anat- 

 omy and cJassification of insects, and these are then considered in 

 their relations to crops. Apparently this book covered the field in a 

 satisfactory way, and although some years later a phytopathological 



