WHOLE VOL. APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY HOWARD 329 



Station was established near Madrid the work was directed more 

 towards plant diseases than injurious insects. 



When i visited Madrid for the first time, in 1910, I had the plea- 

 sure of meeting- the veteran orthopterist, Tgnacio Bolivar and, in 

 company with El Conde de Montornes, visited this phytopathological 

 station not far from Madrid. There I found Leandro Navarro, who, 

 although much more interested in plant diseases, did what entomologi- 

 cal work was necessary. In fact, there did not seem to be at that time 

 any general demand for work in economic entomology. However, the 

 economic argument was already being used to increase the funds 

 requested from the government for the support of the Museum of 

 Natural History, and in this way an expert Dipterist and an expert 

 in parasitic Hymenoptera were added to the staff of the Museum 

 and were sent, the one to study with Kertesz in Budapest and the 

 other with Schmiedeknecht in Germany, on the basis of the argu- 

 ment that these men would be able to study competently the parasitic 

 insects which would hold the injurious forms in check. 



Later, damage by the gipsy moth and by various other species 

 started more efficient work. It is- possible that the visits of several 

 entomologists from the United States, in search of parasites of the 

 gipsy moth and the brown-tail moth, may have helped in the move- 

 ment. Surely the damage done by certain scale insects to Citrus 

 plantations, which began to be very noticeable about 1909, excited 

 much interest, and American remedial methods were sought for and 

 introduced. R. S. Woglum, of the Bureau of Entomology at Wash- 

 ington, on his way to India to search for parasites of the so-called 

 white-fly of Florida, stopped at Gibraltar in 1910, went up to Valen- 

 cia at the request of the Spanish Government, and instructed Spanish 

 agricultural engineers in fumigation by the use of tents as practiced 

 in southern California. 



From that time on, progress has been rapid. The young Bolivar 

 (Candido) turned his attention more to economic entomology. Re- 

 search stations were started in several provinces, and much work of 

 a sound character is now being done. D. D. de Torres, receiving a 

 traveling fellowship from the International Education Board, came 

 to the United States in 1927 and remained until after the Fourth 

 International Congress of Entomology at Ithaca in August of 1928. 



The Bulletin of Vegetable Pathology and Agricultural Entomology, 

 published regularly by the National Institute of Agronomical and 

 Forest Investigation and Experiment, contains full reports from each 

 of the stations above mentioned which show a high degree of excel- 

 lent work. 



