368 SMITTTSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL.84 



Mr. Eftiatoun points out the influence of Mohammed Ah Pacha 

 (1805-1848) in the renewal of the national spirit of Egypt and in the 

 introduction of cotton which found the Valley of the Nile enor- 

 mously favorable to the crop. Agricultural methods and customs, 

 however, changed little, and in fact have changed but little down to 

 the present time. To the Egyptian peasant and farmer " an insect 

 represented a manifestation of strength, which, at one time was re- 

 garded as divine in origin and at another as of obscure origin — but 

 at all times badly defined and regarded as inevitable." (Efflatoun.) 



The Khedivial Agricultural Society was founded in 1898 by Sul- 

 tan Hussein Kamil, and it was this Society which recognized the 

 necessity of protecting cotton and of the selection and distribution of 

 cotton seed. This Society as well as the higher School of Agriculture 

 undertook advisory work in general agriculture before the actual 

 existence of a Ministry. 



In 1911 the Ministry of Agriculture came into existence and im- 

 mediately established an Entomological Section to which Dr. L. H. 

 Gough was appointed Entomologist. Prior to this time (in 1907) the 

 Entomological Society of Egypt was founded, which grew slowly ])ut 

 which now is an important scientific society. 



In 1 91 3 Doctor Gough was given two assistants, and the branch 

 grew in importance. 



The present King of Egypt (Fuad I) became Sultan in 191 7 and 

 was proclaimed King on March 16, 1922. Down to this time the prin- 

 cipal officers in the entomological service had been English, but the 

 present King showed himself greatly interested in scientific matters, 

 generously supporting the scientific institutions already existing as 

 well as inciting much important work. A numl)er of young Egyptians 

 of high intelligence have gone to England and to the United States to 

 study, and several of them are now in important positions in the 

 service. I am indebted to Mr. Eftiatoun for the tabulated statement 

 that follows regarding the foreign and the native officials in the Ento- 

 mological Division of the Plant Protection Section of the Ministry. 



Foreign Officials of the Entomological Division, Plant Protec-tion 

 Section, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt 



Xame Term of Service Remarks 



L. H. Gough, Ph.D. August 1911 to June 1923 Now in South Africa 



G. Storey, P.. A. (Cantab.) 1913 to 1920 Died in 1920 



E. W. Adair, B.A. July 1914 to April 1924 Was transferred to Min- 

 istry of Education 



Fred Shaw, A.R.C.Sc. 1916 to present 

 (Director Administra- 

 tion) 



