WHOLE VOL. APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY HOWARD 371 



He also published another bulletin on the relations of the fungus, 

 Rhisopiis nigricans, to the insect pests of the cotton plant in Egypt. 



Mr. C. B. Williams, who had been studying in the United States 

 and had held the post of Sugar Cane Entomologist under the Depart- 

 ment of Agriculture of Trinidad from 1916 to 1921, was in Egypt 

 from 1921 to 1927, first as Subdirector and afterwards as Director 

 of the Entomological Section. From 1927 to 1929 he was Entomolo- 

 gist of the East African Agricultural Research Station in Tanganyika, 

 and is now Lecturer in Agricultural and Forest Zoology at the Uni- 

 versity of Edinburgh, succeeding R. Stewart MacDougal. During his 

 stay in Egypt, Mr. Williams was very productive. He published in 

 three papers the results of bioclimatic observations in the Egyptian 

 desert. He also published another paper on cotton growing in relation 

 to the climate in Egypt and the Sudan, and two others relating spe- 

 cifically to the pink boUworm. He also published extensively in the 

 Bulletin of Entomological Research and elsewhere on migrations of 

 insects .and upon other entomological topics. 



Of the Egyptian technical officials, Mr. Ibrahim Bishara has pub- 

 lished a paper on the estimation of loss by boUworms, and Mr. Neguib 

 Iscander an interesting report on a mission to California to study new 

 methods of fumigation of Citrus trees. Mr. Iscander visited the 

 Bureau of Entomology in Washington and traveled rather extensively 

 in the United States. Messrs. Soliman and Kamal have both studied 

 at the University of California, and Mr. Efflatoun visited Washington 

 at the time of the Fourth Congress of Entomology in 1928. 



Mr. E. Ballard at present has the title of Chief Plant Pathologist 

 and writes me from Giza, Egypt. I am indebted to him for much 

 information and many pamphlets. 



SOUTH AFRICA 



Work in economic entomology was not established in South Africa 

 until its importance was forced upon the governments of the different 

 States. The Agricultural Journal, which was the official organ of the 

 Department of Agriculture of the Cape Colony, began in the early 

 1890's to pay much attention to the subject. The so-called Australian 

 bug (Icerya purchasi), known in the United States as the white or 

 fluted scale, the grapevine Phylloxera and injurious grasshoppers 

 aroused the colonists to the necessity for more or less investigation, 

 and the Agricultural Department began to open its eyes to these 

 needs. It was some years, however, before an official entomologist 

 was appointed. Mr. S. D. Bairstow and other colonists made certain 

 investigations and corresponded regularly with Miss Eleanor A. 



