WHOLE VOL. APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY HOWARD 393 



expedition was sent from the United States to Australia that resulted 

 in the importation of the Australian ladybird and the control of the 

 white scale in southern California. Mr. Crawford sent specimens of 

 a parasitic fly, that afterwards became known as Lestophomis iceryac, 

 to Miss Ormerod in England, who forwarded them to Professor Riley 

 in Washington, thus starting the correspondence between Professor 

 Riley and Mr. Crawford which gave the people in the United States 

 practically the first information that in South Australia the fluted 

 scale was controlled by parasites or predators. 



When Koebele arrived at Adelaide, South Australia, on October 2, 

 1888, he carried letters of introduction to Mr. Crawford whom he 

 found at his post in the office of the Surveyor General.^ Koebele 

 states that Mr. Crawford received him in a very kindly way and that 

 he promised him his assistance, which promise was honorably ful- 

 filled throughout Koebele's stay in Adelaide. On October 15 Koebele 

 made a trip with Messrs. Crawford and J. G. O. Tepper to North 

 Adelaide where Koebele discovered for the first time, feeding on a 

 large female scale, the ladybird which has since become so famous, 

 Novius (Vedalia) cardinalis. Koebele stated in his report that he 

 called the attention of both the gentlemen to the insect, yet neither of 

 them had ever seen it or knew the beetle. The first shipment of the 

 valuable beetle was made from specimens secured at Mannum on the 

 Murray River. 



The Agricultural Bureau of South Australia was established in the 

 late i88o's and in its reports there are occasional references to insect 

 pests. When specimens were received by the Bureau, from that time 

 on, they were referred, where necessary, to Mr. Crawford, to Mr. 

 J. G. O. Tepper of the Museum, to Mr. Olliff, Government Entomolo- 

 gist of New South Wales, or to Mr. Charles French, Government 

 Entomologist of Victoria. 



For a number of years Congresses of Agriculture were held at 

 Adelaide, and at the first one, held March 4-7, 1890, Mr. Crawford 

 made a long report on insects and fungus pests which was published 

 and was illustrated by four etched plates. He paid especial attention 

 to the codling-moth and stated that it was then four years since he 

 first gave the alarm that the pest was present in South Australia. He 

 stated further that it had long been rampant in Tasmania. Had Mr. 

 Crawford lived, it is likely that he would have been appointed official 

 Entomologist to the colony of South Australia, but after his death 

 in 1890 a vivid interest in entomology was kept up, largely through 



* He was a photolithographer in that office. 

 26 



