WHOLE VOL. APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY — HOWARD 425 



he published papers on insects injurious to the orange, to cotton and 

 to the fig tree. In 1909 he worked on the wood-boring larvae injuring 

 cultivated trees. 



The son, Rudolfo, published a rather long list of entomological 

 papers over his own signature, a number of them of an economic 

 character. 



In 1885, a Swiss, Dr. E. A. Goeldi, who at the time was Curator of 

 Zoology in the National Museum at Rio de Janeiro but who had been 

 previously a Phylloxera expert in Switzerland, was commissioned to 

 study coffee-tree diseases. He prepared a detailed report which was 

 published in the Archives of the Museum. He was also sent to Sac 

 Paulo to study the viticultural interests of that State, and especially 

 to report upon the danger from the Phylloxera. He published a book 

 entitled "American Vines," advocating the introduction of American 

 root stock. This book, T believe, was published privately. In 1890 he 

 left Rio and became the Director of the Museum of Natural History 

 at Para. 



With the discoveries at the end of the last century in regard to 

 the relations of mosquitoes to disease, Brazil became very active. 

 Goeldi published a large work on the mosquitoes of Para; Adolfo 

 Lutz, a German, resident in the State of Sao Paulo, published im- 

 IXDrtant papers on mosquito-borne disease ; Oswaldo Cruz started a 

 hygienic institute in Rio, secured funds, brought together an able 

 corps of assistants, and, with the adequate support of the Government, 

 succeeded in practically wiping out yellow fever at an early date. 

 Cruz visited the United States during these critical years, and later in 

 1 910, sent one of his experts, Dr. Arturo Neiva, to Washington to 

 study mosquitoes here for several months. Neiva also studied the 

 biting Hemiptera of the genus Triatoma, and, before returning to 

 Brazil, pursued his studies of this group in European museums.* One 



^ Doctor Cruz told me that the experts in the Hygienic Institute in Rio at the 

 expiration of a certain length of time were allowed a year to study abroad. 

 They usually went to Europe. He was so impressed by what he saw in Wash- 

 ington that he suggested to Doctor Neiva that when his turn for travel should 

 come he should visit the United States. Doctor Neiva at that time was a 

 charming man of 30 years, primarily perhaps a bacteriologist, but tremendously 

 interested in medical entomology. He remained in Washington for several 

 months. Not long after his return to Brazil, he accepted an invitation from 

 the Government of Argentina to found in that country a Department of Medical 

 Zoology and Parasitology. He remained in Argentina 18 months in 1914, 1915, 

 and 1916, and then returned to Brazil where he has done extremely important 

 work and has assumed important responsibilities, largely with matters relating 

 to health. He took a hand, however, in the work of the commission to investi- 

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