WHOLE VOL. APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY HOWARD 475 



1 believe it was Doctor Krumbhaar, of Kansas, who coined the not 

 very pleasant but very expressive slogan " swat the fly," and many 

 communities offered prizes to the school children bringing in the great- 

 est number of " swatted " flies, much to- the distress of some of the 

 tender-hearted members of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty 

 to Animals. These campaigns were of educative value although the 

 destruction of the adult flies had probably only a slight effect on the 

 fly population. Nevertheless, people came to know the danger of flies 

 and to learn how and where they breed. 



During these years I published many articles on the subject and 

 gave a number of public lectures, and other people were doing 

 the same. In 1910 I prepared a book which was published by 

 F. A. Stokes & Company, of New York, early in 191 1 under the title 

 " The House Fly, Disease Carrier ; an Account of Its Dangerous 

 Activities and the Means of Destroying It." An edition of this book 

 was published simultaneously by John Murray in London, and it was 

 subsequently reprinted in a number of countries and in a number of 

 different languages. 



England had in the meantime become exercised on the subject of 

 this insect, although at no time in England have I known the house fly 

 to abound as it did formerly almost everywhere in the United States. 

 It happened, however, that only a very few years after our own 

 disastrous experiences with the house fly as a carrier of typhoid in 

 our concentration camps at the time of the Spanish War, England 

 found herself at war in South Africa, and our own experience was 

 repeated there. Enteric fever (as they call typhoid in England) was 

 responsible for a large loss of life, and its carriage was obviously due 

 in great part to flies. So at home the English began to study the 

 question. The London County Council took it up through its health 

 officers, and a number of small but very useful pamphlets were pub- 

 lished. C. Gordon Hewitt, then a professor in the University of 

 Manchester, began to study the house fly very carefully ; and Dr. G. S. 

 Graham-Smith, of the University of Cambridge, in the " Cambridge 

 Public Health Series," prepared and published two volumes on " Flies 

 in Relation to Disease." 



When the success of anti-typhoid innoculation became evident 

 shortly before we entered the World War, one of the great dangers 

 from house flies seemed to have been removed, and there was appar- 

 ently a slowing down of many of the fly campaigns. Other diseases, 

 however, may be carried by flies, notably infantile diarrhea, and there 

 was abundant justification for the continuance of the strenuous move- 

 ment started in the early part of the century. 



